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COGGESHALL 



COINA 



but is more commonly covered and draped with 

 broadcloth, velvet, or satin, fringed and tasseled. 

 Expensive woods and silvered handles and nails are 

 frequently employed ; and the lid may have a remov- 

 able face glass. French and German coffins are 

 of a similar shape, but plainer. The colour in Ger- 

 many is usually brown. At Leipzig formerly coffins 

 were always painted green, as a symbol of hope. 



Coggeshall, a town of Essex, on the Black- 

 water, 44 miles NE. of London. - It has a school, 

 founded by Sir Robert Hitcham (1636), remains of 

 a Cistercian abbey (1142), a good Decorated church 

 (restored 1868), and some manufactures of silk, 

 velvet, and lace. It is supposed to have been the 

 Roman Canonium, and the remains of a Roman 

 villa have been found. John Owen was minister 

 here. Ralph de Coggeshall, abbot here (1207-18), 

 wrote a Chronicon Anglicanum (of the period 

 1161-1224), edited by J. Stevenson in 1875. Pop. 

 3830. See Beaumont's History of Coggeshall ( 1890). 



Cognac, a town of France, in the department 

 of Charente, on an old castle-crowned hill over the 

 Charente, 42 miles SE. of Rochefort by rail. The 

 cultivation of the vine and distillation of Brandy 

 (q.v. ) form the chief industry of the district; in 

 the town, casks and bottles are manufactured. 

 Francis I. was born here. Pop. (1872) 12,950; 

 (1886) 14,537; (1891) 16,956. 



Cognate. See AGNATE. 



Cognizance, in Heraldry, a Badge (q.v.), in 

 the more restricted sense of that term. 



Cognoscen'ti (Ital., from Lat. cognosco, 'I 

 know ), persons professing a critical knowledge of 

 works of art, and of a somewhat more pretentious 

 character than amateurs. 



Cogno'vit ( viz. actionem, ' he has confessed the 

 action ' ), in the law of England, is the defendant's 

 written confession that the plaintiff's cause against 

 him is just and true. By this confession before or 

 after issue, the defendant suffers judgment to be 

 entered against him without trial, in which case 

 the judgment is called judgment by confession. 



Cogswell, JOSEPH GREEN, LL.D., American 

 bibliographer, born at Ipswich, Massachusetts, in 

 1786, studied at Harvard and Gottingen, and was 

 professor of Geology at Harvard from 1820 to 1823, 

 when he established the Round Hill School with 

 Bancroft (q.v.). He was for some years editor of 

 the New York Review, and, with Halleck and 

 Washington Irving, assisted in planning the Astor 

 Library, of which he was for many years superin- 

 tendent. He died in 1871. 



Cohabitation. See CONCUBINAGE, MARRIAGE. 



Cohesion depends upon the molecular forces 

 which keep together the parts of bodies, and are 

 insensible at sensible distances. In the case of a 

 small body these forces are much more efficient in 

 keeping the parts together than are the mutual 

 gravitational attractions of the parts. On the 

 other hand, in the case of a large body, such as the 

 earth, gravitation is much more powerful in pre- 

 venting rupture than cohesion. The term adhesion 

 is generally, though quite unnecessarily, used when 

 the cohering particles are dissimilar as when water 

 clings to glass. 



After the parts of a body have been separated, so 

 as to form an incoherent mass, the force of cohesion 

 may be again brought into action by the applica- 

 tion of pressure sufficient to force the particles close 

 enough together. Thus two smooth, freshly cut 

 pieoes of lead can be made to adhere by slight pres- 

 sure accompanied by a screwing motion. Also two 

 very smooth slabs of marble adhere, if pressed to- 

 gether, so that considerable force must be exerted 

 to separate them. Barton made a set of cubes 

 with surfaces so true that, if twelve of them were 



piled one over the other, the whole series could be 

 lifted by raising the upper one. Lead pencils are 

 made by applying pressure to powdered graphite, 

 so as to maice it cohere. 



Cohesion Figures. See SURFACE TENSION. 



Cohoes, a prosperous manufacturing city of 

 Albany county, New York, on the Hudson, at the 

 mouth of the Mohawk, 3 miles above Troy, and on 

 the Erie Canal. It has six large cotton-mills, and 

 some thirty knitting-mills, besides manufactures of 

 axes, gas-piping, machines, pulp, pins, thread, &c. 

 Pop. (1860) 8799 ; (1880) 19,416 ; (1890) 22,509, 



Cohort, in the ancient Roman armies, was a 

 portion of a legion, consisting usually of 600 men. 

 Generally, there were ten cohorts to a Legion 

 (q.v.). 



Coif (Fr. coiffe, Ital. ctiffia, ' a cap '), a covering- 

 for the head in general, but more especially the 

 close-fitting cap of white lawn or silk, originally 

 worn by Serjeants-at-law (q.v.). Like the Biretta- 

 (q.v.), it always represented distinct rank and 

 dignity. Its use on all professional and official 

 occasions was both an obligation and a privilege. 

 Later it was the custom to wear a small skull-cap 

 of black silk or velvet over the white coif ; and in 

 the beginning of the 18th century, when the fashion 

 of powdered wigs in lieu of natural hair invaded 

 the law-courts, in order that the badge of the order 

 might not be concealed, the peruquiers contrived a- 

 small round patch of black silk edged with white, 

 to be worn on the crown of the wig. The notion 

 that the coif was a device merely to conceal the 

 tonsure of the monkish lawyers rests only on a- 

 loose conjecture of the commentator Spelman, and, 

 though carelessly fostered by Lord Campbell, may 

 be consigned to the same category as the conceit, 

 preserved in Brand's Antiquities, which derives the 

 head-dress from a child's caul worn for luck. See 

 Serjeant Pulling's Order of the Cozy (1884). 



Coinibatore, the capital of a district of 

 Madras Presidency, on the Noyil, 304 miles SW. of 

 Madras by rail. It lies 1437 feet above the sea, 

 is well built and drained, and has a cool tempera- 

 ture that renders it a comparatively suitable resi- 

 dence for Europeans. Pop. (1891) 46,383; pop. of 

 district (1891), 2,004,839. 



Coinibra, capital of the Portuguese province 

 of Beira, on a hill above the river ^londego, here 

 crossed by a stone bridge, 135 miles NNE. of 

 Lisbon by rail. Its streets are steep, narrow, and 

 dirty, its manufactures confined chiefly to earthen- 

 ware and combs, and its interest consists mainly in 

 its historical associations. The place derives its- 

 name from the Roman Conimbria, traces of which 

 lie to the south ; it was held by the Goths, and 

 from them passed to the Moors, from whom it was- 

 finally conquered in 1064, by Fernando the Great, 

 aided by the gallant Cid. Coinibra was the capital 

 of Portugal for about two centuries and a half from 

 its erection into a kingdom, in 1139, and many of 

 the early kings are buried in and around the old 

 town. Of the public buildings, the most note- 

 worthy are the older of the two cathedrals, the 

 church of San Salvador, and the ruined convent of 

 Santa Clara ; across the river is the Quinta das 

 Lagrimas ( ' House of Tears ' ), where Inez de 

 Castro (q.v.) was murdered. The university of 

 Coinibra, the only one in Portugal, was originally 

 established at Lisbon in 1288, but was permanently 

 transferred here in 1537. It has five faculties and 

 some 900 students, and is still held in repute ; 

 attached to it are a museum, an observatory, a 

 botanical garden, and a library of 60,000 volumes. 

 Pop. 13,369. 



Coilia, a town of Spain, 20 miles WSW. of 

 Malaga, with marble-quarries. Pop. 10,065. 



