COLD < i;i: \ M 



( OLKI'.KOOKK 



339 



effect* of mid arc, in ordinary fircnm-tancc-, m..-t 

 apparent among the aged and tin- \cry young, 

 ami unions those MinVriiig limn chronic disease ; 

 l.nt when a very low temperature is long con- 

 timiril, even the healthy are sure ti> .stiller, when 

 Impoverished HO a* not to have sutlicii'nt nieaiiH 

 it" external warmth in their homes. The most 

 direct eilects of cold are in the production of what 

 is coninionly called Frost-bite (q.v. ). 



Cold is applied in various ways in the treatment 

 of disease. In some forms of fever, a cold bath, or 

 cold wet pack, is the best means of reducing a 

 \er\ high temperature which of itself threatens 

 life. In many inflammations relief is best obtained 

 by the local application of ice, or of a coiled tube 

 through which cold water circulates. The tonic 

 and stimulating effects of a temporary application 

 of cold are familiar in the cold morning oath, or 

 the use of cold water sprinkled on the face of a 

 person who has fainted. The disease commonly 

 termed a ' cold ' has been already described under 

 CATARRH. 



Cold Cream is the term applied to an oint- 

 ment containing rose-water which is used as a 

 mild and cooling dressing for the skin. It may 

 be prepared by melting together almond-oil five 

 parts, spermaceti one part, and white wax one 

 part. Three parts of rose-water are then added 

 with brisk stirring, which is continued till the 

 whole is cool, and of a soft creamy consistence. 

 As cold cream prepared in this way is liable to 

 turn rancid, glycerine is sometimes added, or the 

 almond-oil is replaced by white vaseline. Cold 

 cream is a pleasant application to irritated surfaces, 

 protecting them from the influences of the weather, 

 and promoting the healing of wounds and chapped 

 hands. 



4 ol|x| pram, a town of Berwickshire, 15 miles 

 SW. of Berwick by rail, on the Tweed, over which 

 there is a fine bridge by Smeaton ( 1766). At Cold- 

 stream was the famous ford by which Edward I. 

 entered Scotland in 1296, and near which he met 

 the Scottish nobles, to settle the dispute about the 

 crown of Scotland. By this ford also the Scots 

 invaded England in 1640. Being convenient as a 

 Border town, Coldstream, like Gretna Green and 

 Laml>erton toll-bar near Berwick, was formerly cele- 

 brated for its clandestine marriages. Pop. 1616. 



Coldstream Guards a regiment in the 

 Foot Guards (q.v.) or Household Brigade, the 

 oldest in the British army except the 1st Foot, 

 now called the Royal Scots. Raised in 1660 by 

 General Monk at Coldstream, it was at first called 

 4 Monk's Regiment ; ' but when parliament con- 

 sented to give a brigade of guards to Charles II., 

 this corps, under the nameof Coldstream Guards, was 

 included in it. See the history of Col. Ross ( 1896). 



Coldwater, capital of Branch county, Michi- 

 gan, 156 miles E. of Chicago, on the Lake Shore 

 Railway, has several foundries, flour-mills, and 

 manufactories, and a public school which cost 

 $100,000. Pop. ( 1880) 4681 ; (1890) 5462. 



Cole. SIR HENRY, was born at Bath, 15th July 

 1808, educated at Christ's Hospital, and became 

 assistant-keeper of the Records in 1838. He wrote 

 much for the newspapers and reviews, and under 

 the name of ' Felix Summerly ' produced about 

 twenty children's books. He was chairman of the 

 Society of Arts, did valuable service on the com- 

 mittee of the Great Exhibition of 1851, was the 

 founder of the South Kensington Museum, and in 

 I860 became its director. For his services on innu- 

 merable committees and councils, and in promoting 

 valuable reforms, he was made K.C.B. in 1875; 

 and he held several foreign decorations. He died 

 18th April 1882. See his Autobiography (2 vols. 

 1884). 



Cole* THOMAS, painter, born at Bolton le Moon 

 in 1801, removed to America in 1819, where he 



Itecaine one of tin- ln-~t known landscape- pain ttii. 

 In 1830 two of his pictures appeared in the Royal 

 Academy, and he afterwards made sketching tour* 

 through England, France, and Italy: but all hU 

 best landsfaiHiK were American. He died llth 

 February 1848. 



4 'oh', VICAT, landscaje pa in NT (especially of 

 Surrey scenes), wa.s l>orn at Portsmouth, 17th April 

 1833, and from 1853 was a fremient contributor 

 to Royal Academy exhibitions. Chosen A.R.A. in 

 1870, and R. A. in 1880, he died 6th April 1893. See 

 Life by R. Chignell (3 vols. 1898). 



Colebrooke. HENRY THOMAS, the pioneer of 

 Sanskrit scholarship in Europe, was born in London, 

 15th June 1765, the son of Sir George Colebrooke, 

 banker, and eventually chairman or the board of 

 directors of the East India Company. He was edu- 

 cated at home, and early showed a strong disposi- 

 tion for mathematical studies. In 1782 his father's 

 influence procured him a writership in the Bengal 

 service. He was a voracious reader, and his alert 

 mind found its relaxation in the change from 

 administrative to scientific labour. His duties as 

 revenue officer at Tirhut led him to make a minute 

 study of the state of husbandry in Bengal, and his 

 Remarks thereon (Calcutta, 1795, privately printed) 

 formed so searching a criticism of tne existing policy 

 that the work could not be published in England. 

 At Purneah his legal functions led him to study 

 Indian law and learn Sanskrit ; and he began in 

 1794 publishing essays on Indian religion, poetry, 

 and science in the Asiatic Researches of the recently 

 founded Asiatic Society of Calcutta. His removal 

 in 1795 to the magistracy of Mirzapur gave him the 

 opportunity of cultivating the acquaintance of the 

 learned men of the neighbouring Sanskrit college 

 at Benares, and with this advantage he brought 

 out his Digest of Hindu Law on Contracts and 

 Successions (translated from the Sanskrit, 1798, 

 4 vols. Calcutta). A mission to Nagpur ( 1799-1801 ) 

 interrupted his work, and on his return he was 

 appointed a judge of the new court of appeal at 

 Calcutta, and at the same time honorary professor 

 of Hindu Law and Sanskrit at the college of Fort 

 William. Yet he contrived during this busy period 

 to publish the first (and only) volume of his Sans- 

 l:rit Grammar (1805), based upon Panini and the 

 native commentators, to write his famous articles 

 on the Vedas and on the sect of Jains, besides 

 many other valuable essays for Asiatic Researches, 

 and also to supplement his Digest by Two Treatises 

 on the Hindu Law of Inheritance (1810). Before 

 this he had reached the eminence of a seat on the 

 governor-general's council ( 1807 ), and was using 

 his influence earnestly in the direction of adminis- 

 trative reform and the encouragement of oriental 

 studies. He retired in 1814, and devoted himself 

 to scholarly work in England, especially to eastern 

 science. Several of his essays in Asiatic Researches 

 related to Hindu astronomy, meteorology, mathe- 

 matics, geology, and botany. He contributed also 

 to the Transactions of the Astronomical Society, to 

 The Quarterly Journal of Science, the Linna*an and 

 the Geological Societies, as well as, more especially, 

 to the Royal Asiatic Society, which he helped to 

 found in 1823. His last vears were troubled by 

 care, blindness, and much bodily suffering, endured 

 with fortitude ; and on 10th March 1837 he died at 

 the age of seventy-two. His translation of the Sdn- 

 hln/(t Ktirika was posthumously edited by Professor 

 H. H. Wilson. His work as a Sanskrit scholar 

 possessed the highest merits of extreme conscien- 

 tiousness and caution, scientific accuracy, and a 

 stern repression of the tendency to fanciful exaggera- 

 tion which marked the early theories of European 



