344 



COLES 



COLIC 



Coles, COWPER PHIPPS, naval architect, born in 

 Hampshire in 1819, early entered the navy, and 

 became lieutenant in 1846 and captain in 1856. 

 In 1855 he constructed a gun-raft, which was 

 favourably reported on ; from 1856 he was engaged 

 in experiments, and ultimately produced a form of 

 turret-ship, the general idea of which had probably 

 occurred to him independently, although its de- 

 velopment owed much to the invention of Ericsson 

 (q.v. ). A vessel was built from his designs, with 

 little more than 6 feet of freeboard ; it was com- 

 missioned as the Captain early in 1870, and on 

 7th September turned bottom upwards in a gale, 

 and sank off Cape Finisterre, almost all on board, 

 including Coles, being drowned. 



Coleseed. See RAPE. 



Colesllill, a market-town of Warwickshire, 10 

 miles ENE. of Birmingham. Pop. of parish, 2356. 



Colet, JOHN, born in London about 1467, was the 

 eldest son of a family of twenty-two. His father, 

 Sir Henry Colet, was twice Lord Mayor of London. 

 Colet studied at Oxford with the view of entering 

 the church, and about 1493 made a prolonged visit 

 to the Continent, travelling through France into 

 Italy. While in Italy he became acquainted with 

 the views of Savonarola, which subsequent study 

 and experience led him to regard with increasing 

 approval. Having returned to England in 1496, 

 and been ordained priest, he delivered at Oxford a 

 series of lectures on the Epistles of St Paul, which 

 attracted great attention, his principles of interpre- 

 tation being at every point opposed to those of the 

 scholastic theologians. In 1498 Erasmus came to 

 Oxford, and it is one of Colet's chief claims to 

 remembrance that he powerfully influenced that 

 scholar's opinions on the proper methods of Scrip- 

 ture interpretation and on the value of the scholas- 

 tic philosophy. In 1505 Colet was made Dean of St 

 Paul's, London, and in this office still continued to 

 deliver lectures on different books of Scripture, 

 which gave rise to much diversity of opinion. 

 With the large fortune he inherited on the death of 

 his father, Colet founded St Paul's School ( q.v. ). At 

 this school 153 scholars were received, whose educa- 

 tion was conducted in a spirit far in advance of the 

 time. On account of Colet's vigorous denunciation 

 of the ignorance and corruption of the clergy, 

 charges of heresy were brought against him, but 

 Archbishop Warham refused to support them. 

 Colet also spoke out strongly against the French 

 wars of Henry VIII., who, nevertheless, always 

 treated him with regard. In 1518, feeling his 

 end approaching, Colet appointed the Mercers' 

 Company of London as managers of his school a 

 step of decisive importance, as it was the first 

 example of lay management of an educational in- 

 stitution. He died of dropsy, 16th September 1519. 



Of late years it has been conclusively shown that 

 Colet was one of the most striking figures of his 

 time in England. He was not a great scholar, and 

 he left no writings that entitle him to remem- 

 brance ; but by his clear view of the urgent need of 

 reform in the church, and by the intensity of his 

 religious convictions, he gave an impulse to men 

 like Sir Thomas More and Erasmus, which influ- 

 enced their whole life-work. At the same time, 

 Colet, though an ardent religious reformer, never 

 entertained the thought of a formal rupture with 

 Rome. His foundation of St Paul's School, and 

 the character he gave ta that institution, entitles 

 him to an eminent place among educational re- 

 formers. See Seebohm's Oxford Reformers ( 2d ed. 

 1869), and the Rev. J. H. Lupton's Life of Colet 

 (1887). 



Cole wort. See CABBAGE. 



Colfax, SCHTJYLER, American statesman, born 

 xt New York, 23d March 1823, removed in 1836 to 



Indiana, where in 1845 he acquired a newspaper at 

 South Bend, which he made the most influential 

 Whig journal in the district. He was a delegate- 

 to the Whig conventions of 1848 and 1852 ; he was 

 returned to congress in 1854 by the newly-formed 

 Republican party, and re-elected until 1869, being 

 thrice chosen Speaker ; and in 1868 he was elected 

 vice-president of the United States, in Grant's first 

 term. Implicated, apparently unjustly, in the 

 Credit Mobilier charges of 1873, he spent the 

 remainder of his life in political retirement, mak- 

 ing public appearances only on the lecture plat- 

 form, and died at Mankato, in Minnesota, 13th 

 January 1885. See his Life by O. J. Hollister 

 (New York, 1886). 



Colibri. See HUMMING-BIRD. 



Colic ( Gr. colon, ' the large intestine ; ' see 

 INTESTINES ), a name employed by the later Greek 

 and the Roman physicians to denote diseases 

 attended with severe pain and flatulent distension 

 of the abdomen, without diarrhoaa or looseness of 

 the bowels. The disease ( commonly called gripes 

 or belly-ache) is now generally believed to be spas- 

 modic in character, and to be dependent upon 

 irregular contractions of the muscular coat of the 

 intestines : its supposed particular connection with 

 the colon, or large intestine, however, is not 

 usually to be made out from the symptoms. Pain- 

 ful disorders of the bowels are very frequent in 

 persons who are not attentive to the regular 

 evacuations, especially when they are exposed to- 

 cold so as to experience chill or coldness of the 

 feet, which will often suffice to bring on an attack 

 of colic. The disease is usually attended with 

 Constipation (q.v.), and ceases when the regular 

 action of the bowels is restored, although often in 

 this case the operation of medicine is attended by 

 continued pain for a time. Warm fomentations to 

 the abdomen may be employed with advantage, 

 sometimes medicated with opium, or decoction of 

 poppy-heads ; and great relief is commonly experi- 

 enced from friction with a warm liniment, such as 

 opodeldoc, or the soap and opium liniment. Pres- 

 sure with the hand over the painful part commonly 

 diminishes the suffering for the time in simple 

 colic, but increases it in more serious diseases. 

 Warmth to the feet, and the recumbent posture, 

 are also to be recommended. In very severe or 

 protracted ca^es opium may be taken internally. 

 A good remedy in such cases is a full dose of 

 castor-oil (one ounce or more for an adult), with 

 30 or 35 drops of laudanum, or of solution of 

 morphia. ( Opiates should not be given to children 

 except under medical advice, and in very reduced 

 doses.) When colic resists such mild and simple 

 remedies as the above when it is accompanied by 

 tenderness of the belly, or by hard swelling in any 

 part of it when constipation is obstinate, or vomit- 

 ing is present when tnere is feverishness, or ten- 

 dency to exhaustion or when there is reason to. 

 believe that it may depend on any other cause than 

 the mere accumulation of the products of digestion 

 in the intestines, no time should be lost in seeking 

 the best medical assistance that can be procured ;. 

 for colic is closely allied as a symptom to several 

 very severe and dangerous diseases. One of these 

 complicated forms of colic is termed Ileus, or iliac 

 passion (from the idea that its seat was in the small 

 intestine ileum). It is attended with obstruction 

 of the bowels, often from mechanical twisting or 

 involution of one part with another ( hence termed 

 volvulus). This is, of course, a disease of extreme 

 danger. The only treatment that can be attempted 

 without medical assistance is the employment of 

 large injections by the lower bowel, and opium in 

 moderate and repeated doses ( \ grain to 1 grain, or 

 12 to 20 drops of laudanum) by the mouth, care- 



