346 



COLLECTIONS 



COLLEGIATE CHURCHES 



-collects Freeman finds in the hymns of the Eastern 

 Church, founded on the gospels, of which these col- 

 lects would thus be the 'very quintessence.' In 

 the English Prayer-book, for every Sunday there is 

 .a proper collect, with corresponding epistle and 

 gospel ; and this collect stands for every day in the 

 following week, except in the case of festivals and 

 their eves or vigils, which have collects of their 

 own. Good Friday alone has three collects ; and 

 during Advent and Lent the collect for the first day 

 of the season is repeated after the collect for the 

 week. 



Collections at Churches. The collections 



which are still made at all churches in Scotland 

 either at the church-doors before the service, or in 

 the church after it were, till a comparatively 

 recent period, the principal fund for the support of 

 the poor. The proceeds of these collections were 

 originally under the control of the kirk-session, and 

 remain so under certain restrictions. By a pro- 

 clamation of the Privy-council in 1693, it was 

 ordered that one-half of the sums so collected, and 

 of dues received by the kirk -session, be paid over 

 into the general fund for the support of the poor. 

 The other half has generally been applied for the 

 relief of sudden or temporary distress. The kirk- 

 session may be called upon by any single heritor to 

 account for its management of this remaining half. 

 By the Poor-law Amendment Act, 1845, it is enacted 

 that in all parishes in which it has been agreed that 

 an assessment shall be levied, for the relief of the 

 poor, all moneys arising from the ordinaiy church 

 collections shall in future belong to, and be at the 

 disposal of, the kirk-session ; provided, however, 

 that they shall be applied to no purposes other 

 than those to which they were, in whole or in part, 

 legally applicable before the date of the act. A 

 power is reserved to the heritors to examine the 

 accounts of the kirk-session, and to inquire into 

 the manner in which the collections are applied ; 

 and the session-clerk is enjoined to report annually 

 as to the application of the moneys, to the Board of 

 Supervision. The collections made at Dissenting 

 meeting-houses, under which denomination Episco- 

 pal chapels are included, are entirely at the disposal 

 of the congregations, and do not form part of the 

 poor's funds. The making of a collection is properly 

 the province of the minister and elders ; but when 

 they neglect the duty the heritors have been in use 

 to perform it. See Black's Parochial Ecclesiastical 

 Law of Scotland (1888), p. 145. 



In England there are no regular collections at 

 hurches as in Scotland. The alms collected in 

 chapels, as well as in parish churches, during the 

 reading of the offertory, are declared by the rubric 

 to be at the disposal of the incumbent and church- 

 wardens of the parish, and not of the minister or 

 proprietor of the chapel. If the minister and 

 churchwardens disagree as to the distribution of 

 the alms, they shall be disposed of as the ordinary 

 shall appoint. 



Collectivism is a word of recent origin, in- 

 tended to express the central idea in the economic 

 theory of socialism, that industry should be carried 

 on with a collective capital. It means that capital 

 .should not be owned and controlled by individuals, 

 but by groups of associated workers, that it should 

 be the joint property of the community or other 

 form of social organisation. Its exact meaning 

 depends very much on the form of socialism with 

 which the principle is connected. See SOCIALISM. 



College ( Lat. collegium, ' a collection or assem- 

 blage ' ). In its Roman signification, a college 

 signified any association of persons for a specific 

 purpose, and was in many cases practically what 

 we call a corporation. It required also to be incor- 

 porated by some sort of public authority, springing 



either from the senate or the emperor. A college 

 could not consist of fewer than three persons, 

 according to the well-known maxim, ' three make a 

 college' (Dig. 50, tit. 16, 1. 85). Some of these 

 colleges were for purely mercantile purposes, but 

 there were others which had religious objects in 

 view, such as the colleges of pontifices and augurs, 

 &c., and some were political, as the colleges of the 

 tribunes of the plebs. With us, a college is an in- 

 corporation, company, or society of persons joined 

 together generally for literary or scientific purposes, 

 and frequently possessing peculiar or exclusive 

 privileges. See PHYSICIANS (COLLEGE OF), SUR- 

 GEONS (COLLEGE OF), HERALDS' COLLEGE. Very 

 often in England a college is an endowed institution 

 connected with a university, having for its object 

 the promotion of learning. In this relation a college 

 is a sub-corporation i.e. a member of the body 

 known as the university. For a more detailed ac- 

 count of college in this sense, see UNIVERSITIES, 

 OXFORD, CAMBRIDGE. In Scotland and in America 

 the distinction between the college cis the member 

 and the university as the body has been lost sight 

 of ; and we consequently hear of colleges granting 

 degrees, a function which in the English and in the 

 original European view of the matter belonged ex- 

 clusively to the university. Where there is but one 

 college in a university, as is the case in Edinburgh 

 and Glasgow universities, the two bodies are of 

 course identical. Trinity College, Dublin, is prac- 

 tically the university. Owens College is a branch 

 of the Victoria University. University College 

 is a very usual name for recently founded institu- 

 tions for the higher learning in the United King- 

 dom. Some of the public schools are colleges, and 

 many secondary schools are so called. Theological 

 schools often bear this name, which is sometimes 

 given to a hospital. In Germany there are no 

 colleges in the English sense. In France the 

 name of college is sometimes given to the local 

 branches of the University of France ( see FRANCE ) ; 

 as also to a school, corresponding, however, more 

 to the Gymnasium (q.v.) of Germany than to the 

 grammar-school of this country. The principal col- 

 leges have articles under special heads ; see KING'S 

 COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE (LONDON). 

 College de France, originally a College de 



Trois Langues merely, founded by Francis I. in 1530, 

 is now a very important educational institution 

 giving instruction over a very wide field of litera- 

 ture, history, and science. It is independent of the 

 University of France (q.v.), is directly under the 

 Minister of Public Instruction, and is supported by 

 the government. As in the Sorbonne (q.v.), the 

 lectures are gratuitous ; and for the most part are 

 designed to attract auditors older than ordinary 

 university students. The college comprises two 

 faculties, one literary, one scientific ; and each has 

 about twenty professors. Amongst the professors 

 have been some of the most distinguished scholars 

 and scientists in France, such as M. Renan, M. 

 Laboulaye, M. Gaston de Paris, in the literary 

 department ; and M. Brown-Sequard in the science 

 division. Amongst the subjects discussed are 

 political economy, Assyrian and Egyptian archse- 

 ology, Arabic, Slavonic literature, French litera- 

 ture ; physiology, anatomy, and embryology. 



College of Arms. See HERALD. 



College of Justice. See COURT OF SESSION. 



Collegiate Churches so called from having 

 a college or chapter, consisting of a dean or 

 provost and canons, attached to them date from 

 the 9th century, when such foundations in large 

 towns became frequent. They are under the juris- 

 diction of the bishop of the diocese in which they 

 are situated, and he exercises visitorial powers over 

 them. There were about ninety collegiate churches 



