COLOGNE 



COLOMBIA 



861 



sometimes more actively, sometimes more slowly, 

 till l.".(i!i, when it was responded; and during 

 tin- Mil.-e(|iient centuries what had IH-I-II already 

 executed was* not properly kept in repair. Sim-.- 



Cologne CatliedraL 



the beginning of the 19th century, however, the 

 necessary funds to repair and complete it according 

 to the original design, have been supplied by sub- 

 scriptions from all parts of Germany. The work 

 of renovation began in 1823, and in 1842 the 

 foundation-stone of the new part was laid. The 

 naves, aisles, and transepts were opened in 1848 ; 

 the magnificent south portal was completed in 

 1859 ; in 1860 the iron central fltche was added ; 

 and with the exception of the western spires, the 

 church was completed in 1863. The spires, the 

 crown of the edifice, were finished in 1880, and on 

 Octol>er 15 the completion of the work was cele- 

 brated before the Emperor William I. The body of 

 the church measures 440 feet in length, and 240 

 ieet in breadth ; the spires rise 515 feet above the 

 pavement of the nave. Since 1823, upwards of 

 1,000.000 has been expended on the building; 

 the total cost of the whole is estimated at 

 2,000,000. For the ' Kaiaerglocke,' see BELL. 

 Among the chief secular buildings of Cologne are 

 the town-house, begun in the 14th century ii|>u 

 Koman foundations: the Giirzenich (1441-52), the 

 finest secular Gothic erection in Cologne, a public 

 banqueting-hall. now containing the exchange ; 

 the modern law-courts; and the \Yallraf-Hichartz 

 Museum, containing a good collection of paintings. 

 The educational and benevolent institutions of 

 Cologm- are numerous and well equipped. The 

 town has recently acquired a high reputation for 

 music. The situation of Cologne is extremely 

 favourable for commerce. Various branches of 

 manufacture are carried on, of which the chief are 

 the making of beet-sugar, tobacco, glue, carpels, 

 soap, leather, furniture, pianos, chemicals, and 

 spirits of wine, besides the characteristic manufac- 

 ture of Kau de-Cologne (q.v.). In 1886, 4859 craft 

 entered, and 3190 cleared, the port of Cologne. 

 Cologne lia^ extensive and important railway con- 

 nections. The city was founded by the Ubii, about 

 37 B.C., and was at first called Ubiorinn o 

 127 



but a colony In-ing planted here in SO A.D. bjr 

 Agrippina, the wife of tin- Kmperor Claudius, it 

 received the name of ('<>/inii Ai/n/yrina. At the 

 partition of the Frank monarchy in 511, it vra* 

 included in Autra>ia ; 

 and by a treaty in 870, 

 it was united to the Ger- 

 man empire. It entered 

 the league of the Hanse 

 towns in 1201, and con- 

 tended with Liibeck for 

 the first rank. The 

 merchants of Cologne 

 carried on commerce far 

 and wide, and had ware- 

 houses in 1 ,0111 Ion, near 

 the Guildhall. Cologne 

 was at a very early period 

 the seat of a bishopric, 

 which was elevated, at 

 the end of the 8th cen- 

 turv, into an arch- 

 bisfiopric. The arch- 

 bishops acquired consid- 

 erable territories, some 

 of them distinguishing 

 themselves as politicians 

 and warriors. They took 

 their place amongst the 

 princes and electors of 

 the empire, but were in- 

 volved in a protracted 

 contest with the citizens 

 of Cologne, who asserted 

 against them the inde- 

 pendence of the city; and 

 the archiepiscopal resi- 

 dence was therefore removed to Bonn. The arch- 

 bishopric was secularised in 1801, when the city also 

 lost its independence, and the congress of Vienna 

 did not attempt to restore to it its former character, 

 but assigned the whole territories to Prussia. The 

 archbishop, therefore, has not now the political 

 rights and power that belonged to his predecessors. 

 Colombia, a republic occupying the north- 

 west corner of the South American continent, 

 and including also the Isthmus of Panama. 

 Its limits were officially stated in 1887 as 12 

 25' N. 5 8' S. lat., 'and 70' 40' 82 40' W. 

 long., and its area was estimated at 513,938 sq. 

 miles (nearly as large as Great Britain, France, 

 and Spain together), exclusive of most of its 

 hundreds of islands and keys, which stretch as 

 far north as the Mosquito coast. The population 

 amounts to about 4,000,000, including some 200,000 

 uncivilised Indians who inhabit the remote forests. 

 The situation of Colombia, washed by two oceans, 

 with a total coast-line of nearly 3000 miles, posses- . 

 sing all along the Atlantic shore and on the Pacific 

 side of Panama commodious bays and lagoons, and 

 with several fair harlnmrs even on the less favoured 

 coast to the south, presents great commercial pos- 

 sibilities though it has lost an expected impulse 

 by the stoppage of the Panama Canal through the 

 north-west department. The surface of the country- 

 is extremely varied, with lofty mountains in the 

 west, and vast plains in the east scarcely above the 

 level of the sea. For the mountains, see ANDES. 

 This system sprea.ls out in three great ranges, like 

 the rays of a fan. from the extensive plateau of 

 Pasto in the south-west ; thus forming valleys 

 running from north to south parallel to the three 

 chains, except where disproportionate activity of 

 the volcanic forces has caused an upheaval of the 

 country near them. The fundamental formations 

 of the country are igneous and metamorphic, and 

 everywhere are traces of the disturbances (still not 

 unfrequent in the form of earthquakes) that have 



