COLONIAL CORPS 



COLONY 



357 



the differences in function thus started bring about 

 more <ir less marked difference of structure as 

 its consequence ; and thus division of labour and 

 ' polymorphism ' or difference in form are estali 

 lisheil. See I'errier, Le* (Jolonirs A ni unties ( 188*2). 

 4 olonial (Torus ">< iv-nm-nts of the regular 

 British army, paid out of imperial revenues, and 

 located in the various colonies where they were 

 formrd. Tin- following corps, and numbers were 

 provided for in the Army Estimates for 1860-61 : 



Thrrr West India Regiments (after- 

 wards raised to five) 



Ni'wl'iMiiidhmd Veterans 



Ceylon Killf.s 



ii Invalids 



Cape Mounted Rifles 



Malta Fencihles 



Canadian Rifles 



M Helena Regiment 



tJ-.l.l Coast Artillery 



Falkland Islands Company 



African Artillerymen 



Hong-kong Gunners 



3420 Negro. 



229 Hritish. 



1586 Native. 



163 Native. 



1084 Boers and natives. 



638 Native. 



1100 British. 

 433 



351 Negro. 



37 British. 



84 Negro. 



88 Lascars. 



All the officers were British, except those of the 

 Malta Fencibles. The Cape corps were mounted 

 infantry. Though maintained out of imperial 

 revenue, these corps were not available for the 

 general defence of the empire, and accordingly have 

 been gradually disbanded, their places in the colonies 

 being supplied by levies of local militia. There 

 still exist, besides African commissariat, ordnance 

 store, and medical staff corps, one West India 

 Regiment of two battalions, the Malta Fencibles, 

 one company of Gun Lascars in Ceylon, and another 

 at Hong-kong. 



Colonial Office. See SECRETARY OF STATE. 



Colonial System, also called COMMERCIAL 

 SYSTEM, a name for the theory long acted on by 

 European nations, that their settlements abroad 

 were to be treated as proprietary domains, exploited 

 for the benefit of the mother-country, which did 

 everything it could to import their produce as 

 cheaply as possible, and encourage them to a large 

 consumption of home manufactures. The system 

 was carried to its furthest extent by Spain. See 

 COLONY, FREE TRADE, MERCANTILE SYSTEM, 

 MONOPOLY, NAVIGATION LAWS, UNITED STATES. 



Colonisation Society. See LIBERIA. 



Colonna, CAPE (ancient Sunium Promon- 

 tun'um), a headland of Greece, forming the south- 

 most point of Attica, and crowned by the ruins 

 of a temple of Minerva, thirteen of whose white 

 marble columns, from which the cape derives its 

 modern name, are still standing. 



< olnima. a celebrated Roman family, which 

 took its name from a village among the Alban 

 Hills, 12 miles ESE. of Rome, and which, from 

 its numerous castles, vast estates, and crowds 

 of clients, enjoyed a powerful influence from the 

 llth to the 16th century. From it have spning a 

 pope (Martin V., q.v.), several cardinals, generals, 

 statesmen, and noted scholars, and \ ITTORIA 

 COLON N A, the most celebrated poetess of Italy. 

 She was the daughter of Fabrizio Colonna, Con- 

 stable of Naples, at whose estate of Marino she was 

 liorn in 1490. When four years old, she was 

 betrothed to a boy of the same age, Ferrante 

 d'Avalos, son of the Marchese de Pescara ; at seven- 

 teen thev were married. After her husband's death 

 in the battle of Pavia (1525), Vittoria Colonna 

 found her chief consolation in solitude and the cul- 

 tivation of her poetical genius. During seven years 

 of her widowhood she resided alternately at Naples 

 and Ischia, and then removed to the convent of 

 ( irvieto, afterwards to that of Viterbo. In her later 

 years she left the convent, and resided in Rome, 

 where she died in February 1547. She was the 

 loved friend of Michelangelo, admired by Ariosto 



(see canto xxxvii. of the Orlando), and the intimate 

 a*N<H-iate of the reforming party at the papal court. 

 Her poem* In-long chiefly to the period following 

 her husband's death, ami are remarkable for truth 

 ui >eiitiment and enlightened piety. They were 

 first published at Parma in 1538; the most perfect 

 edition Is that of Ercole Vwconti (Rom. 1840). 



.">i \Ii-s II. Uox 's Vittoria Colontia, her Life mid 



I'm ms (Loud. 1868), and a study by the Hon. 

 Alethea Lawley (1888). 



The family is still distinguished in Italy, three of 

 its four lines being princely. The Colonna palace, 

 situated at the base of the Quirinal ( Rome ), is cele- 

 brated for its splendid gallery and treasures of art. 



Colonna, GIOVANNI PAOLO, composer, born 

 about 1640, either at Brescia or Bologna, became 

 principal of the musical academy at Bologna. Of 

 some 44 works, nearly all were for the church ; his 

 one opera, Amilcare, was first performed in 1693. 

 He died 28th November 1695. 



Colonsay and Oronsay, two of the Argyll- 

 shire Hebrides, 16 miles NNW. of Port Askaig in 

 Islay, separated from each other by a sound, 100 

 yards wide, and dry at low-water. Colonsay, which 

 rises to a height of 493 feet, is 16 sq. m. in area; 

 Oronsay, only 3. On the latter are a sculptured 

 cross and a 14th-century Austin priory, with some 

 curious effigies ; whilst in the former are standing 

 stones, a bone cave, Colonsay House (1722), and 

 an obelisk to the memory of the lawyer, Duncan 

 M'Neill, Lord Colonsay (1794-1874). Pop. (1851) 

 933 ; (1891) 381, of whom 23 were in Oronsay. 



Colony (Lat. colonia), a name somewhat 

 vaguely applied to the foreign dependencies of a 

 state. In accordance with its etymology (colonus, 

 'cultivator'), a Roman colonia ought to have been 

 an agricultural community ; but as a matter of fact it 

 was a military settlement, urban rather than rural, 

 planted in subject territory. It was essential that 

 the colonists should remain citizens, who thus both 

 extended and knit together the power of Rome. 

 The name survives to this day in Cologne and 

 Lincoln. The Greek colony (apoikia) consisted of 

 a band of emigrants, who were impelled by political 

 dissension or some similar cause to seek a new home 

 beyond the sea, and who were connected with their 

 mother-city (metropolis) by no tie stronger than 

 that of sentiment. According to the legend em- 

 balmed by Virgil in his sEneid, Rome itself was a 

 colony, in the Greek sense, of Troy. No Greek 

 colonists penetrated far inland ; but the shores of 

 Asia Minor, Sicily, Southern Italy, and even the 

 Crimea, were at an early date fringed with 

 commercial settlements, many of which surpassed 

 in wealth the cities of Greece proper. The Phoe- 

 nicians, who preceded the Greeks as the traders 

 of the Old World, were not a colonising race. 

 Carthage, indeed, was an offshoot from Tyre ; but 

 the wide empire of Carthage was l>ased partly upon 

 conquest, and partly upon a system of trading 

 factories. 



Colonisation is an incident of a comparatively 

 settled state of society. The vast land migrations 

 which have so profoundly affected the populations 

 of Europe and Asia belong to a different category. 

 Tims it happens that, after the break-up of the 

 Roman empire, the very idea of a colony is 

 not heard again until the great outburst of 

 maritime enterprise in the 16th century. Spain 

 and Portugal led the way, followed by Holland, 

 England, and France. Love of adventure, thirst 

 for gold, the missionary spirit all combined 

 to attract the energies of Europe, set free by the 

 Renaissance, to the New World and to the farther 

 East. The long and bitter struggle for territorial 

 aggrandisement beyond the seas went on with 

 various vicissitudes until, at the close of the 18th 



