362 



COLORADO BEETLE 



COLOSSUS 



in lead-production. Vast sums of money have been 

 invested in the construction of works for hoisting 

 and reducing the ores ; and railways have been 

 built along the mountain-canons, generally at a 

 very high cost, so as to make the mines accessible. 

 Mining and smelting operations have been much 

 facilitated by the discovery of large beds of coal, 

 usually of good quality, though classed as lignite ; 

 and anthracite in extensive veins has been discqv- 

 ered about 90 miles from Denver. Colorado led 

 the states in the yield of both gold and silver in 

 1897, producing $47,078,535, over one-third the 

 total. For many years from 1873, the output of 

 silver was greater than that of gold, in 1892 about 

 six times as much ; but in 1898 the gold was esti- 

 mated at $24,000,000, silver at $14,250,000. Copper, 

 cement, fireclay, and manganese are wrought ; iron 

 and Bessemer steel rails are manufactured; and 

 petroleum is found near Florence. 



History. Not quite one-half of this region was 

 acquired by the United States from France in the 

 Louisiana purchase of 1804 ; the remainder was 

 ceded by Mexico under the treaty of 1848, together 

 with California and New Mexico, of which last it 

 formed a portion. The population is of mixed 

 origin, but is largely derived from the older states 

 of the Union, the first important settlement of 

 English-speaking people being caused by the dis- 

 covery of gold near Pike's Peak ; in the southern 

 part is a small Spanish-speaking population, partly 

 of Indian descent. The distinctly American traits 

 of enterprise and progress, alike in business and 

 education, are conspicuous. Women are admitted 

 to the franchise. Colorado was organized as a ter- 

 ritory in 1861, and was admitted as a state in 1876. 

 The principal towns are Denver, the capital, Lead- 

 ville, in the carbonate-mining district (altitude, 

 10,200 feet), and Pueblo ; and there are a number 

 of others of considerable importance, chiefly mining 

 centres, among them Cripple Creek (q.v.), of recent 

 foundation and rapid growth. Pop. of Colorado 

 < 1860) 34,277 ; ( 1880) 194,327 ; ( 1890) 412,198. 



Colorado Beetle (Chrysomela or Doryphora 

 decemlineata), a North American beetle which 

 commits fearful ravages among potatoes. First 

 discovered near the upper Missouri in 1824 by 

 Thomas Say, it belongs to the sub-order of Coleop- 

 tera known as Tetramera or Cryptopentamera, 

 and is a good type of the family Chrysomelidae. 

 It is an oval insect, from 9 to 11 millimetres in 

 length, of an orange colour, with black spots and 

 lines as seen in the figure. The antennae are club- 

 shaped. The larvae and adults live on the potato- 

 plant, and have sometimes (as in 1859) quite de- 

 stroyed the crop in certain parts of America. They 

 pass the winter underground, and emerge from 

 their hiding-places in the beginning of May. The 



Colorado Beetle : 



a, beetle, natural size ; 6, caterpillar ; c, eggs. 

 ( From Miss Ormerod's Injurious Insects.) 



female lays many hundreds of eggs in groups 

 of twelve to twenty on the under side of potato 

 leaves. The larvae, which emerge in about a week, 

 are reddish and afterwards orange. They grow up 

 quickly and produce a second generation, which 

 may again produce a third in the same summer. 

 Their rate of multiplication is therefore very rapid. 

 The home of the Colorado beetle is in the 

 western states ; ' from Nebraska and Iowa it 



travelled eastward, until, in 1873-76, it reached the 

 eastern shores of America. In 1877 it was found 

 at Liverpool in a cattle-boat from Texas.' Owing 

 in great measure to the stringent regulations of 

 an order in council, which provides that 'it shall 

 not be lawful for any person to sell, keep, or dis- 

 tribute living specimens of the Colorado beetle in 

 any stage,' this pest has fortunately not succeeded 

 in establishing itself in Britain. The surest remedy 

 in case of attack is said to be a preparation of 

 arsenic known as ' Paris Green ' or ' Scheele's 

 Green. ' 



The genus Chrysomela ( ' golden beetle' ) to which 

 the Colorado beetle belongs, is represented by 

 many hundred often beautifully metallic species 

 in temperate and tropical countries. C. cerealis, 

 sometimes injurious to grasses and cereals, C. 

 staphylea, C. or Lina populi, found on poplars, 

 are common species. 



Colorado Springs, a popular summer-resort 

 of Colorado, situated in the midst of beautiful 

 scenery on the Fontaine qui Bouille Creek, 75 miles 

 S. of Denver by rail, and about 10 miles E. of Pike's 

 Peak. Pop. (1880)4226; (1890) 11,140. 



Colossae. Colossae was a town of Asia Minor, 

 in the southern part of the province of Phrygia, 

 situated on the river Lycus, a tributary of the 

 Maeander, 12 miles east of Laodicea. It is mentioned 

 by Xenophon as ' a populous city, prosperous and 

 great,' but in the time of Strabo had become ' a 

 small town.' It was ruined by an earthquake in 61 

 A. D. ( Tac. Ann. xiv. 27 ) ; but it was again rebuilt, 

 and in the middle ages was named Chonae. See 

 COLOSSIANS. 



Colosse'um. See AMPHITHEATRE. 



Colossians, THE EPISTLE TO THE, an epistle 

 sent from Rome by the Apostle Paul about the 

 year 63, in charge of Tychicus, to the church 

 founded at Colossae apparently by Epaphras. Here 

 Archippus exercised his 'ministry (iv. 17), and 

 Philemon, together with Apphia 'the sister,' was 

 the entertainer of the brethren. To Philemon 

 Paul persuaded the runaway slave Onesimus, 

 whom he had converted to Christianity, to return. 

 The Colossian church consisted chiefly of Gentile 

 Christians, but was distracted by certain Judaising 

 teachers, who laid stress on circumcision and ordin- 

 ances respecting food and festivals (ii. 11 and 16), 

 teaching a thorough-going asceticism, with angel- 

 worship, based on theosophic speculations regarding 

 the higher world of spirits, and may be regarded as 

 the forerunners of the Judaising Gnostics (q.v.). 

 To counteract these was the chief aim of the epistle 

 (see BIBLE). Its genuineness has been contested 

 by recent criticism. Hilgenfeld, following Baur, 

 holds that ' the Colossian letter has to do with an 

 already fully developed Gnosticism, and this carries 

 it not merely beyond Paul's lifetime, but beyond 

 the first century. ' See the commentaries by Ellicott 

 (3d ed. 1865), Bleek (edited by Nitzsch, 1865), and 

 Klopper ( 1882 ) ; also Holtzmann, Kritik der Epheser 

 und Kolosserbriefe ( 1872) ; and especially Lightfoot, 

 St Paul's Epistles to the Colossians and Philemon 

 (Sthed. 1886). 



ColOSSUS* a Greek word of unknown origin, 

 used to denote a statue of gigantic size. The 

 colossal was a common feature of all ancient 

 art, and in particular of Egyptian and Assyrian 

 architecture and sculpture. The image set up by 

 Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel, iii. 1) was of enormous 

 proportions. Even Greek art, through Aristotle, 

 laid down the principle that only the large can be 

 noble, and carried it out in its statues of gods and 

 heroes. Of the many colossi of which accounts 

 have come down to us, the most famous was the 

 bronze colossus of Rhodes, representing Helios (the 

 Sun), the national deity of the Rhodians, which 



