roi.r.MiiiA 



COLI M 151 S 



Ml 



from tin- n-t of tln> Dominion ; IK\V everything 

 jioinis to a rapid development of it* resource*. It 

 M-C -ii|iii * :i fa\ourah|> jtosition for trading with the 

 \\.-M oi South America; ami it is hoped that it 

 may become tin; entrepot for a through trade 

 between Canaila, China, and Australia. Lines of 

 -i. Miners now connect Vancouver, HoDff-kong, and 

 Australasian ports; the route for a Pacific tele- 

 graph cable bet ween British Columbia and Australia 

 ha> been dix Missed, and an 'all-British' route be- 

 tween the two was being surveyed in 1897-98. The 

 recent discovery ofgold in the Yukon gave a fillip to 

 ( rude. See I ', History nfjiritix/t < 'olinnbin ( 1896) ; 

 .Macnali '.- British Columbia for Settlers (1898). 



4 oliiiuhiu, DISTRICT OK, in tin* United States. 

 See DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 



Columbia College, in New York city, was 

 founded in 1754 as Kind's Cohere, and reincor- 

 jiorated under its present title in 1784. The first 

 class, of eight, met in the vestry of old Trinity 

 Church, July 17, 1754. From 1760 to 1857 the col- 

 lege was located near the city-hall, whence it re- 

 moved in the latter year to 49th and 50th Streets 

 and Madison and Fourth Avenues. In 1896 it as- 

 sumed through its trustees the title of "Columbia 

 University in the City of New York," the institu- 

 tion embracing Columbia College with its faculty 

 of academic arts, Barnard College for Women estab- 

 lished in 1889 and now controlled by officers of the 

 I Diversity, the Teachers' College for the training of 

 professional teachers, now a part of the university 

 system, and faculties of Law, Medicine, Philosophy, 

 Political Science, Pure Science, and Applied Science. 

 There were in 1896 in the University about 300 offi- 

 cers of instruction and 1858 students. The Uni- 

 versity is located on a plot of ground recently ac- 

 quired, bounded S. by 116th Street, N. by 120th 

 .Street, E. by Amsterdam Avenue, and W. by the 

 Boulevard. President Low's gifts to the University 

 during bis presidency aggregate $6,000,000. See 

 the (anonymous) Four American Universities, Har- 

 vard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia ( N. Y. 1895). 



ColuiiibUIie. See PIGEON, BIRD. 



Columbine (Ital. colotubina, 'little dove' ), the 

 female mask of the Italian improvised plays, vari- 

 ously figuring as the attendant of Pantaloon's 

 daughter, or, occasionally, as the daughter herself. 

 She is the betrothed of Harlequin, and frequently 

 is railed Arlecrhinetta. In some cases >hc appears 

 in the garb of a chambermaid. See PANTOMIME. 



Columbine (Aquilegia), a genus of plants of 

 the natural order Ranunculaceae, having five 

 coloured sepals, which soon fall off, and five petals 



Copyright 18M, 18*7, u>4 

 1900 In the t. H. by J. B. 

 Llpplooou Company. 



Common Columbine (Aquilegia vulgarii). 



ach terminating below in a horn-shaped spur or 

 nectary. The name (from Lat. columba, 'a dove') 

 is derived from the resemblance of the nodding 

 flower to a cluster of doves, of which the convergent 

 128 



nectaries suggest the heads and necks, and the 

 divergent sepals the Muttering wings. They are 

 natives of the teni|>erate and colder regions of the 

 northern hemisphere. One, the Common Colum- 

 bine (A. riilyunti), is found in woods in Home parts 

 of Britain, and has long Ix-en familiar OH an inmate 

 of Mower-gardens. It is a perennial, generally 2 to 

 .'{ feet lii^b, with flowers of considerable beauty. 

 Columbine was formerly much esteemed for medi- 

 cinal virtues. Some of the other species are orna- 

 mental, and are common in flower-borders. 



Columblum. See TANTALUM. 



Colllinbus, a thriving city of the United States, 

 the capital of the state of Ohio, is situated on the 

 Scioto River, 116 miles NE. of 

 Cincinnati and 138 miles SSW. 

 of Cleveland. Its site is level, 

 its streets are broad, and in the centre of the city 

 is a public square of 10 acres, in which stands the 

 state capitol, a fine stone structure 304 feet long 

 by 184 feet wide. Among other noted edifices are 

 the city-hall, containing a public library and city 

 offices ; a court-house erected at a cost of $400,000 ; 

 United States government and Board of Trade 

 buildings ; a large state penitentiary ; a hospital for 

 the insane, with a farm of 300 acres, and accom- 

 modation for 900 patients, erected at a cost of 

 $1,520,980 ; and institutions for the blind, the deaf 

 and dumb, &c. Here also are located the Ohio 

 Stale University, with its grounds of 320 acres, and 

 the Capital University (Lutheran), both liberally 

 endowed ; and the public schools have a seating 

 capacity of about 15,000. Fourteen railway lines 

 radiate from the Union Dep6t in this city in all 

 directions, which, added to the natural advantage 

 of its proximity to the great coal and iron fields of 

 the state, tend to a rapid development of its 

 manufacturing industries. The annual product 

 of its manufactories reaches a value of more than 

 $15,000,000, giving employment to many operatives. 

 Columbus was founded in 1812. Pop. (1870) 31,274 : 

 ( 1880 ) 51,647 ;( 1890 ) 88, 150 ;( 1900 ) 125,560. 



Columbus is also the name of some twenty other 

 places in the United States, the most important 

 being : (1) Capital of Muscogee county, Georgia, 

 situated on the Chattahoochee River at the junc- 

 tion of several lines of railroad, 100 miles SSW. 

 of Atlanta. It has a large trade in cotton, and 

 extensive manufactures of cotton, woollen, and 

 iron goods. Pop. (1880) 10,123; (1890) 17,303, in- 

 cluding suburbs, about 31,000. (2) Capital of Bar- 

 tholomew county, Indiana, 41 miles S. by E. of 

 Indianapolis, with which it is connected bv rail- 

 way. Pop. (1890) 6719. (3) Capital of Lowndes 

 county, Mississippi, on the Tomblgbee River, and 

 on a branch railroad about 150 miles NE. of Jack- 

 son. Pop. (1890) 4559. (4) Capital of Colorado 

 county, Texas, on the Colorado River, alnmt 95 

 miles SSE. of Austin by rail. Pop. about 3000. 



Columbus CHRISTOPHER (Ital. Cristoforo Co- 

 lombo, a great navigator, especially distinguished as 

 the discoverer of the New World 

 and the Spanish form of whose 

 name, Cristobal Colon, is some- 

 times Latinised into Colon us), was born in all prob- 

 ability in the city of Genoa in the year 1447. His 

 father, Domenico Colombo, seems to have been a 

 cloth-weaver or wool-comber, ultimately very pros- 

 perous, and it would appear that in early youth 

 liis son Christopher worked at the same trade; 

 but he spent some time, probably not much, 

 at the university of Pavia. When fourteen years 

 old he went to sea. The mariners of those davs 

 \\rrr lighting men, and we find notices of the 

 young Columbus in an expedition against Naples 

 while in the service of the good King Rene, Count 

 of Provence, who, on one occasion, sent the young 



Copyright 1889, 18tT, and 

 1900 ID the f. S. by J. B. 

 LipplDoou Company. 



