CONCIIII I:I;A 



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ConcliiPera (Lat., 'shell- bearing'), a term 

 applied l>y Lamarck to bivalve molluscs and 

 the very ilitlcirnt Krarhiopoda (q.v.), but now 

 rarely used. 



Conchoid (Gr., 'shell-like,' from the shape), a 

 plane curve invented to solve the problem of tri- 

 secting a plane angle, doubling the cube, &c. 

 (iivcii an\ straight line and a point without it, we 

 can descrilie two companion curves which are dis- 

 similar, but have the straight line as their common 

 Asymptote (q.v.) between them. Thus both 

 branches extend in either direction to infinity, and 

 can never meet though continually approaching 

 each other. The conchoid is obviously symmetrical 

 with respect to the straight line drawn perpendicular 

 to the given line from the given point. This curve 

 has been utilised in architecture to give a waving 

 outline to tapering columns. Through A the fixed 



point draw any line ADE, measure DE and DE' 

 each = BC, then E and E' trace the two branches 

 of the conchoid. When BC = BA, there is a cusp 

 at A ; when BC is greater than BA, the inferior 

 branch has a loop as in the figure. 



Concliologgy, that branch of natural history 

 which deals witn the shells of molluscs. From the 

 time of Aristotle the beauty and variety of these 

 structures have made them favourite objects of 

 study, and few zoological subjects have excited so 

 much popular enthusiasm. The study often be- 

 came unscientific, and sometimes a craze, as when 

 extravagant sums were paid for rare forms of no 

 particular beauty or interest. Since the shells are 

 only external coverings, and were seldom considered 

 in relation to their tenants, or in connection with 

 the internal and external influences to which they 

 owe their shapes, conchology has been somewhat 

 barren of scientific results. It is, however, possible 

 that with the accumulation of knowledge in regard 

 to the constitution and conditions of molluscs, the 

 study of their shells may come to have fresh 

 scientific interest and dignity. See BIVALVES, 

 MOLLUSCA, SHELLS, &c. 



Concierge is the French name for a door- 

 keeper or janitor of a house, hotel, or public 

 edifice. In French towns, where a large portion 

 of the population lives in flats, the common door 

 by which many households have access to their 

 several tenements is very usually under the charge 

 of a concierge, who exercises a general supervision 

 over all who pass his conciergerie. The ancient 

 Paris prison, known as the Conciergerie, is still 

 standing ; though Marie Antoinette's cell, con- 

 verted in 1816 into a chapel, was destroyed by the 

 Communists in 1871. 



Conclave ( Lat. ), the place where the cardinals 

 of the Roman Catholic Church assemble in private 

 for the choice of a pope, or that assembly itself. 

 See POPE. 



Concord, capital of New Hampshire, U.S., on 

 the Mcrrimac River, 73 miles NNW. of Boston by 



rail. It extends two miles along the river, with 

 wide streets, and contains a fine granite state- 

 house and other public buildings. It* quarries of 

 white granite are celebrated ; and with abundant 

 water-power, it ban manufactures of rot ton, woollen, 

 leather, and wooden goods, machinery, carriages, 

 organs, &c. Pop. (1870) 12,241 ; (1890) 17,004. 



Concord, a town of Massachusetts, in the 

 county ot .Middlesex, 23 miles by rail N\V. of 

 Boston. It is the seat of a large prison and 

 reformatory. As early as 1767 the people of 

 Concord opposed the measures of the British 

 government, arid in the revolutionary war a skir- 

 mish took place here, 19th April 1775. The place 

 is notable as having been the home of Emerson, 

 Hawthorne, Thoreau, and other men of letters. 

 Pop. ( 1880) 3922 ; ( 1885) 3727 ; (1890) 4427. 



Concord, in Music, is a combination of notes 

 which satisfies the ear, without requiring any 

 others to follow e.g. the common chord, or com- 

 bination of a note with its perfect fifth and major 

 or minor third. See Music. 



Concordance ( Low Lat. concordantia ), origin- 

 ally a system of harmonising things that differ or 

 appear to differ. Thus there is a concordance of 

 the Gregorian and Julian calendars, and of pass- 

 ages in the Bible that do not seem to agree. Subse- 

 quently it came to be used for a book arranged so 

 as to form an alphabetical index of all passages, or 

 at least of all the more important words 111 any 

 work. For writings of universal import, from 

 which passages are continually being adduced to 

 prove or support principles affecting our daily life 

 and action, such a handbook is indispensable. 

 The necessity of a concordance for the Bible seems 

 to have been felt at an early period. The first 

 regular concordance of the Vulgate was made about 

 1244 by Hugo de Sancto Caro, with the assistance 

 of many other Dominican monks. This work was 

 frequently printed (e.g. Lyons, 1540, 1551), and led 

 to Hugo's division of the Bible into chapters being 

 universally adopted. Amended editions were pre- 

 pared by Arlotto de Prato (about 1290), and (in 

 the 14th century ) by Konrad of Halberstadt. Con- 

 cordances to the Vulgate were published at Basel in 

 1521 and 1561, by Rob. Stephanus (Paris, 1555), by 

 Fr. Lucas (Antwerp, 1617), and by the Abb6 F. P. 

 Dutripon (Paris, 1838). A Greek concordance 

 of the New Testament and Septuagint was pre- 

 pared by Euthalios of Rhodes about the year 1300, 

 but has been lost. Concordances of the Septuagint 

 were compiled by Conrad Kircher ( Frankfort, 2 vols. 

 1607), by Abranam Fromm (2 vols. Amsterdam, 

 1718) and by Dr Hatch (6 parts, 1889-92). Xystns- 

 Betuleius published in 1546 the first printed* con- 

 cordance of the Greek New Testament, which was- 

 republished and amended by Stephens ( Paris^ 1594 ; 

 Geneva, 1600). A better concordance was compiled 

 by Erasmus Schmidt ( 1638), whose work, as revised 

 and enlarged by Bruder ( 1842 ; new ed. 1880), is now 

 of standard value. An abridgment was issued by 

 Schmollcr (1869). The first Hebrew concordance 

 was drawn up bv Rabbi Isaac Nathan al>out 1438, 

 and by Johann Buxtorf (edited by his son Johann 

 Buxtorf, Basel, 1632). On the work of Buxtorf the 

 later concordances of J. Furst ( 1840), Bernhard I!ar 

 ( 1861 et seq.), and Davidson (Lond. 1876) are based. 

 The chief concordances for Luther's Bible are those 

 of Lankisch ( 1718), Buchner ( 1740 ; 17th ed. 1885), 

 Beck (1770), Wichmann(1782),Schott(1827),Hautf 

 ( 1828), Bernhard (1850). The first concordance of 

 the New Testament in English was by Thomas 

 Gybson (Lond. 1535), and of the whole Bible in 

 English by John Marbek ( 1550 ). The best known of 

 the numerous concordances for the authorised Eng- 

 lish version of the Bible was compiled by Alexander 

 Cruden, and first published in 1737 (3d'ed. with his- 



