. OM 1:1.1 ION 



CONDtf 



401 



use of oatmeal in large amount has also been fouinl 

 tu lead to concretions, especially \\ hen eaten coarsely 

 Around uiul unboiled ; MH-!I concretions have com 

 lilnllly been found ill tin- intestines. Th' 

 domestic use of magnesia in tin- solid form as a 



la\ati\c has 1 n known to have a similar effect. 



In certain animals, intestinal concretions arc not 

 urn '0111111011, and grow to an immense si/.r ; they 

 u>ed to be greatly pri/.ed as antidotes, and were 

 used in medicine under the name of lie/oars 

 (q.v. ). In certain forms of m<>rl>id deposits, such 



as liiirous tumours (see TUMOUR), and in Tubercle 

 (ij.v.), concretions not unfrequently form; they 

 are for the most part composed of phosphate 

 of lime. 

 Concretionary Structure is a condition 



in rocks produced ay molecular aggregation sub- 

 sequent to the deposition of the strata, whereby 

 tin- material of the rock in formed into spherules or 

 balls, as in the concretions of magnesian limestone 

 and the somewhat similar structures occasionally 

 seen in certain tuffs and crystalline igneous rocks. 

 retions are nodules, balls, or irregular masses 

 of various kinds which occur scattered through the 

 body of a rock, and consist of mineral matter which 

 was formerly diffused through the material of the 

 rock. Some of these concretions are crystalline, as 

 g\ psum in clay; others may be spherical, and have 

 an internal radiating structure, as iron- py rite in 

 .shale. Fantastically shaped concretions are not 

 uncommon in certain fine clays ; such are the ' fairy- 

 stones ' of the country people here, and the ' loss- 

 puppen ' of Germany. 



Concubinage* the state of cohabitation of a 

 man and woman without the sanction of a for- 

 mally legal marriage. We find examples in the 

 Old 'Testament, showing that it was permissible 

 as a relief from a childless marriage. The Roman 

 conculiiinrft/x was a permanent relation afford- 

 ing freedom from many of the severe marriage 

 restrictions of the civil law. It was a perfectly 

 respectable arrangement, and the woman had a 

 footing in law, although a less dignified position 

 socially than a wife. The offspring, called natural 

 children, came to have limited rights of succession, 

 and could be completely legitimated by subsequent 

 marriage. Augustus, with a view to promote 

 regular marriages, and check the growing licen- 

 tiousness, enacted a comprehensive marriage-law 

 (Lex Julia et Papia Poppcea), which confined con- 

 CH 1 linage to women of low rank or who had lost 

 their station. Christianity required the complete 

 sanctity of marriage, although the civil law long 

 continued to tolerate separation at pleasure. In 

 the eastern empire concubinage was entirely pro- 

 hibited by the Emperor Leo. The ancient laws of 

 the Germans recognised, along with regular 

 marriage, a similar informal connection of the 

 sexes still not unknown as Morganatic Marriage 

 (q.v. ). The barni<atiu of medieval Spain and the 

 /i it mi-fasting of our own ancestors were merely 

 forms of concubinage. See CELIBACY and MAR- 

 I:IAC;E. 



Concurrent is a technical term for the person 

 who accompanies a sheriffs officer as witness or 

 assistant. 



Concussion of the Brain, in Medicine, is 

 one form of Shock (q.v.) - that, namely, where the 

 symptoms are due to an injury which has shaken 

 or jarred the brain, and stunned the patient, 

 without producing any mechanical injury, so far 

 as can be ascertained, to the brain or skull. It 

 is generally believed that concussion alone can 

 produce severe symptoms and even death, though 

 conclusive proof of tins has not yet been given. It 

 is ant to occur from a severe blow or fall on the 

 .heau, from railway accidents, &c. The symptoms 



are those which characterise shock pale and cold 

 skin, feeble pulse and respiration, with the 

 addition of uncoiisciousneHH. J'his condition may 

 last a few minutes, and be followed by rapid 

 recovery, or may terminate in death. Hut in most 

 cases it is succeeded by a ]x>riod of reaction after 

 an hour or more (often ushered in by vomiting, 

 which is thus a favourable symptom), when the 

 skin bcciiines warmer, the pulse (stronger, and con- 

 sciousness gradually returns. Dining reaction, 

 congestion or inflammation of the brain is apt to 

 occur. Recovery is usually complete ; but some- 

 times loss of memory, weakening of mental power, 

 undue excitability, or some other i^n of impair- 

 ment of the nervous mechanism, remains for a long 

 time or even permanently. 



In regard to treatment, the patient should as 

 quickly as possible be put to bed in a well-aired 

 room, with warm bottles or blankets applied to the 

 body and limbs, and should have injuries to other 

 parts attended to; but beyond this, the less he is 

 interfered with the better. In particular, brandy 

 and other stimulants should on no account be 

 given, except by medical direction ; for though 

 occasionally necessary, they do much more harm 

 than good in the great majority of cases. During 

 the period of reaction the patient must be kept 

 very quiet ; and for some days at least after 

 apparent recovery he must abstain from alcohol 

 and other causes of excitement, and from mental 

 exertion. 



CONCUSSION OF THE SPINAL CORD is due to 

 similar causes acting upon the vertebral column 

 instead of the head. The symptoms vary much 

 with the site and severity of the injury. In many 

 cases they are altogether absent or quite trivial at 

 first, and only attract attention after some hours or 

 days have elapsed ; yet, and probably for this very 

 reason, the injury not being treated at first, serious 

 after-effects are much more common than in cases 

 of concussion of the brain. Here also, however, 

 complete recovery is the rule. The treatment 

 must be in the first instance the same as in 

 concussion of the brain. 



Concussion of the spinal cord has attracted 

 special attention in recent times owing to its 

 frequent occurrence as a result of railway accidents. 

 The slow and insidious nature of the symptoms 

 presented by many such cases, and the difficulty of 

 deciding whether those symptoms are real, and 

 whether they have resulted from the alleged 

 injury, have given rise to much litigation with 

 respect to* damages. The subject is very fully 

 treated by Erichsen, Concussion of the Spine, iL-c. 

 (Lond. 1875). 



Cond<S in the French department of Nord, situ- 

 ated at the confluence of the Haine and Scheldt, 

 7 miles NNE. of Valenciennes by rail, is a 

 fortress of the third rank, and gives name to the 

 famous family. Pop. 4067. CONDE-SfR-NoiRKAi, 

 a town in the department of Calvados, 23 miles 

 SSW. of Caen by rail. Pop. 6590. 



Conde*, Louis I. DE BOURBON, PRINCE DE, 

 younger brother of Antony of Bourbon, king of 

 Navarre, was lorn 7th May 1530, representative 

 of an ancient and famous race taking their name 

 from the town of Conde. During the wars between 

 Henry II. and Spain, Conde distinguished himself 

 by his gallantry, winning especial honour at the 

 siege of Metz, the battle of St (Juentin, and 

 the capture of Calais from the English the chief 

 military events of the time. On the accession 

 of Francis II. (1559), the family of the Guises 

 became all-powerful in the state, and Conde 

 and his brother Antony, partly from jealousy 

 of the Guises, and partly from sincere religious 

 conviction, joined the Huguenots, who were now 



