CONNECTICUT 



423 



DMUrfat. In 1590 tin- pn>\ ince svits divided l>y I lie 

 English iiitu si\ enmities, its present five, with 

 -. afterwards joined to Minister. In 1S74 the 

 title l>uke of Connaught was conferred on IVincc 

 Arthur, tliird son of Queen Victoria. The terri- 

 torial regiment, tin- f'onnaiight Hangers, once the 

 SStli foot, now comprise* the old SStli and Ultli 

 ? Diluent . i with four battalion! of militia). Pop. 

 1MI) 1.4-20.70.-, : (1S.-.1) 1.0i:>,47!; (1861)919,135; 

 t I ssi ) S17.UI7 : ( I sill ) 7i3,573, a decrease due to 

 famine and emigration. 



Connecticut (ki>H-n<-t'-i-i'iit), a state of tho 

 American I'nion, celebrated for its manufacturing 

 industries, is hounded N. l,y ropvri.hti889.iMT.wd 

 Massachusetts, h. liy Rhode iwd I in ih o 8. by J. B. 

 M.md. S. by Long Island Sound, L 'PP""> Oompwy. 

 \Y.hy New York. It is the smallest in area of all the 

 states, excepting Rhode Island and Delaware ; but 



densely peopled states of the Union. A great 

 part of the surface is rocky and uneven, and the 

 iiiven and Taconic Mountains of the Appalachian 

 ~\ Mem occupy a considerable part of the western 

 extremity of the state; but the mountains here 

 are all insignificant in respect of height. Much of 

 the surface is not easily cultivated, and rather 

 unfertile ; but a considerable part of the valley of 

 the Connecticut River is very productive, tobacco 

 "being a leading product of this section. Hay, 

 potatoes, maize, oats, and rye are the principal 

 crops. Grazing and milk farms, orchards and 

 market-gardens, are profitably sustained in all 

 parts of the state. 



The Connecticut River, which, rising in New 

 Hampshire, forms the boundary between that state 

 and Vermont, and flows south through Massa- 

 chusetts, crosses Connecticut also, and after a 

 course of about 450 miles enters Long Island Sound, 

 30 miles east of New Haven. It is navigable for 

 vessels of light draught as high as Hartford. In 

 the east part is the River Thames, and in the west 

 the Housatonic, both of which afford some naviga- 

 tion. But the greatest value of the very numerous 

 streams is as a source of water-power. In 1880 

 over one-half the power employed in the manu- 

 factories of the state was water-power ; and the 

 utilised water-power was returned by the United 

 States census as 12'63 horse-power per sq. m. 

 The surface-rocks are mostly Azoic, with the 

 principal exception of a strip of Triassic sandstone 

 or psammite running along the Connecticut River. 

 This brown sandstone is largely quarried at Port- 

 land and East Haven, as are excellent red and 

 plain granites and gneissoid building-stones at 

 many points ; valuable serpentine and verde- 

 antique exist near New Haven. Some quarries 

 yielu excellent flagstones of gneissoid character ; 

 the so-called ' trap ' rock, here really a diabase of 

 Triassic date, is also wrought; and in the north- 

 west good limestones of Lower Silurian age are 

 quarried. Brown hematites are extensively wrought 

 in the north-west section, and yield excellent iron. 

 Deposits of lead, copper, and coital t have been 

 locally mined. Useful mineral-waters occur at 

 various points. The climate is very changeable, and 

 is rather severe in winter, but generally healthful. 

 Nearly the whole surface was once richly forested ; 

 but no very extensive areas are now covered by 

 large timber ; still the aggregate production of 

 wood for building purposes and for fuel is very 

 considerable. The sea-coast affords a number of 

 good harbours. Most of the maritime enterprise is 

 aaow directed to" the coast-wise trade, the whale 



and seal fisheries having declined. < \ -NT fi-hin;.' 

 is engaged in largely and very HVHtematically, an 

 U the taking of fish for oil and fish-guano. 'The 

 manufactures of Connecticut are carried on upon 

 a very extensive scale, and are of exceedingly 

 varied character; and notwithstanding it* BBM1J 

 area, the state stands in the lirnt rank as re- 

 spects the amount and aggregate value of manu- 

 factured goods. Clocks, hardware, india-rulU'f 

 goods, tin-arms, silks and other tc-xtil'-, and small- 

 wares in great variety, are produced on a large 

 scale. Life, lire, and accident insurance, and the 

 publication of .subscription l>oks, receive great 

 attention. The state is well supplied with railways. 

 Few parts of the world do more for popular educa- 

 tion than does this suite. The public-school sys- 

 tem dates from 1644, and is supplemented by pri- 

 vate, denominational, and parochial schools of every 

 grade. The public librariesarenumerous. Yalel'm- 

 versity at New Haven comprises collegiate and 

 post-graduate courses, besides medical, theological, 

 scientific, law, and art schools, and takes a very 

 high place among the seats of learning in the 

 country. Mention should be made of Trinity 

 College, Hartford, and of the Wesleyan University 

 at Middletown. There are also divinity schools 

 at Hartford (Congregationalist) and Middletown 

 (Episcopalian). The state is divided into 8 coun- 

 ties: Fairfield, Hartford, Litchfield, Middlesex, New 

 Haven, New London, Tolland, Windham, and 

 among the principal cities and towns are Hartford 

 (the capital), New Haven, Bridgeport, Norwich, 

 Norwalk, New Britain, and New London. 



The old stock of inhabitants were of English 

 Puritan origin, but of later years there has been 

 a large immigration of Irish, German, English, 

 and others. The colony of Connecticut may be 

 said to date from 1634, when the movement 

 began in which Hartford, Wethersfield, and 

 Windsor were settled by persons removing from 

 Massachusetts, and displacing a slender colony 

 of the Dutch. This movement was in reality 

 the secession of the more democratic element from 

 Massachusetts. Saybrook, named in honour of 

 Lord Say-and-Sele and Lord Brooke, was the 

 nucleus of a separate colony which in 1644 was 

 united to Connecticut, as was in 1662 the New 

 Haven colony, founded in 1638. The Connecticut 

 colony adopted a constitution in 1639, ' the first 

 written democratic constitution on record.' The 

 royal charter of 1662 was exceedingly liberal, it 

 being essentially a confirmation of the older con- 

 stitution ; and it continued in force even after the 

 independence of the American states, but in 1818 

 was replaced by the present state constitution. A 

 large part of Long Island was for a considerable 

 period under the government of the colony. Prom- 

 inent events in Connecticut history have been the 

 bloody war with the Pequot Indians, 1637 ; the 

 governorship of Sir Edmund Andros, during a part 

 of which (1687-88) the colonial charter was in 

 abeyance, and according to the very doubtful but 

 commonly received account was only saved from 

 destruction by being hidden for a time in a hollow 

 tree, the Charter Oak at Hartford. Slavery was 

 abolished in 1818. Pop. (1870) .,:{7,4.%4 ; (1880) 

 622,700 (of whom 129,992 were foreign born) ; (1*U) 

 746,258. See Alex. Johnston's Connecticut (1N87). 



Connema'ra is the name of the wild and 

 picturesque district which forms the westernmost 

 division of County Galway. Its interesting scenery, 

 its lakes, streams, and 'inlets abounding in tis'h. 

 attract many fishers and tourists. Connemara is 

 also called Ballynahinch. 



Connoisseur* a tenn borrowed from the French, 

 to designate persons who, without being them- 

 selves artiste, are competent to pass a critical 



