424 



CONODONTS 



CONRADIN 



judgment upon the merits of works of art, especially 

 in painting and sculpture. The Italian equivalent 

 for connoisseurs is Cognoscenti. 



ConodontS, minute fossils met with in 

 Palaeozoic strata. They are variable in form, and 

 look very like the teeth of different kinds of fishes, 

 some being simple slender pointed sharp-edged 

 cones, while others are more complex, resembling 

 in form the teeth of certain sharks. Their affinities 

 are very uncertain some maintaining that they are 

 really the minute teeth of lishes allied to the living 

 hag-fishes and lampreys others suggesting that 

 they have more analogy with the booklets or 

 denticles of annelids and naked molluscs. 



Conoid, a solid formed by the revolution of a 

 conic section round its axis ; such are the sphere, 

 paraboloid, ellipsoid, and hyperboloid. 



Conolly, JOHN, physician, born at Market 

 Rasen, Lincolnshire, in 1794, graduated at Edin- 

 burgh in 1821, and in 1827 settled in London, 

 where he was for two years professor of the Practice 

 of Medicine in University College. In 1839 he was 

 appointed resident physician to the Asylum for the 

 Insane at Hanwell; this post he held till 1844, and 

 afterwards he was retained as visiting physician. 

 Here, under Conolly, all forms of mechanical 

 restraint were from the first entirely discontinued ; 

 and although his views were admittedly not orig- 

 inal, it is mainly to his earnestness and eloquence 

 that the revolution in asylum management in 

 England is due. His best works are those on the 

 Construction and Government of Lunatic Asylums 

 (1847), and kindred subjects. He died 5th March 

 1866. See the Memoir by Sir James Clark ( 1869). 



Conquest. In the law of succession in Scotland 

 heritable property acquired during the lifetime of 

 the deceased, by purchase, donation, or excambion, 

 was called Conquest, in opposition to that to which 

 he has succeeded, which is called Heritage. The 

 distinction was abolished by the Conveyancing Act, 

 1874. Conquest, in a marriage-contract, is property 

 acquired by the husband during the marriage as 

 distinguished from what he possessed before the 

 marriage. Such property was frequently but is 

 now rarely settled either on the heir or on the 

 issue of the marriage. 



Conquistado'res ( Span. , ' conquerors ' ) is a 

 collective term for the Spanish conquerors of 

 America, such as Cortes, Balboa, Pizarro. See the 

 articles under their names ; as also MEXICO, PERU, 

 &c. 



Conrad, or KONRAD I., king of the Germans, 

 was the son of the Count of Franconia, and the 

 nephew of the Emperor Arnulf. He was elected 

 king (practically emperor of Germany) on the 

 extinction of the direct line of the Carlovingians 

 in 911 A.D. He gradually re-established the im- 

 perial authority over most of the German princes, 

 carried on an unsuccessful war with France, and at 

 last fell mortally wounded at Quedlinburg (918), 

 in a battle with the Hungarians, who had repeatedly 

 invaded his dominions. See GERMANY. 



Conrad II.. king of the Germans, and Roman 

 emperor, was elected after the extinction of the 

 Saxon imperial family in 1024. He was the 

 son of Henry, Duke of Franconia, and is by many 

 considered as the founder of the Franconian 

 dynasty. Immediately after his election he com- 

 menced a tour through Germany to administer 

 justice. In 1026 he crossed the Alps, chastised the 

 rebellious Italians, was crowned at Milan as king 

 of Italy, and he and his wife Gisela were anointed 

 emperor and empress of the Romans by the pope. 

 He was soon recalled to Germany to put down 

 four formidable revolts, in which he succeeded so 

 well that by 1033 peace was restored. In 1032 he 



had succeeded to the kingdom of Burgundy, which 

 he annexed to the empire. In 1036 a rebellion in 

 Italy again compelled him to cross the Alps ; bub 

 his efforts to restore his authority were this time 

 unsuccessful, and he was forced to grant various 

 privileges to his Italian subjects. Shortly after his 

 return he died at Utrecht, 4th June 1039. Conrad 

 was one of the most remarkable of the earlier 

 monarchs of Germany. He reduced the dangerous, 

 power of the great dukes of the empire, and de- 

 fended the rights of the humbler people against 

 oppression by the nobility. 



Conrad III., king of the Germans, the founder 

 of the Hohenstaufen (q.v.) dynasty, was the son of 

 Frederick of Swabia, and was born in 1093. While 

 under twenty years of age, Conrad, with his elder 

 brother Frederick, had bravely supported Henry V. 

 against his numerous enemies, and in return that 

 monarch granted Conrad the investiture of the 

 duchy of Franconia. He subsequently contested 

 the crown of Italy with the Emperor Lothaire of 

 Saxony, but was compelled to resign his pre- 

 tensions. On the death of Lothaire, the princes of 

 Germany, fearing the increasing preponderance of 

 the Guelph party, and attracted by his brilliant 

 courage, moderation, and goodness, offered Conrad 

 the crown, and he was accordingly crowned at- 

 Aix-la-Chapelle, 21st February 1138. He was 

 immediately involved in a quarrel with Henry the 

 Proud, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, and head of 

 the Guelph party in Germany ; and the struggle 

 was continued under Henry's son and successor, 

 Henry the Lion (q.v., and see GUELPHS AND' 

 GHIBELLINES). While Germany was thus con- 

 vulsed, the state of Italy was not a whit more 

 peaceable. The several belligerents besought 

 Conrad's assistance, but he well knew the natural 

 inconstancy of the Italians, and determined to 

 stand aloof. Soon after this St Bernard of Clair- 

 vaux commenced to preach a new crusade, and 

 Conrad, seized with the general infatuation, set out 

 for Palestine at the head of a large army (see 

 CRUSADES). A new attempt by the Duke of 

 Bavaria to regain his dukedom was defeated by the 

 nephew of Conrad, whose health had broken 

 during the crusade. Conrad died at Bamberg in 

 1152. See GERMANY. 



Conradin OF SWABIA, the last descendant of 

 the imperial House of Hohenstaufen (q.v.), was 

 the son of Conrad IV. (1237-54), and was born 

 in 1252, two years before his father's death. His 

 uncle Manfred (q.v.) had assumed the crown of 

 Sicily on a rumour of Conradin's death, though he 

 declared himself ready to give it up to the rightful 

 heir. But Pope Clement VI. 's hatred of the 

 Hohenstaufens led him to offer the crown of the 

 Two Sicilies to Charles of Anjou, a consummate 

 warrior and able politician. Charles immediately- 

 invaded Italy, and met his antagonist at Benevento, 

 where the defeat and death or Manfred, in 1266, 

 gave him undisturbed possession of the kingdom. 

 But the Neapolitans, detesting their new master, 

 sent deputies to Bavaria to invite Conradin, then in 

 his 16th year, to come and assert his hereditary 

 rights. Conradin accordingly made his appearance 

 in Italy at the head of 10,000 men, and being 

 joined by the Neapolitans in large mimbers, gained 

 several victories over the French, but was finally 

 defeated near Tagliacozzo, 22d August 1268, and 

 taken prisoner along with Frederick of Baden and 

 other comrades. The two unfortunate princes 

 were, with the consent of the pope, executed in the' 

 market-place of Naples on the 20th October. A 

 few minutes before his execution, Conradin, on the 

 scaffold, took off his glove, and threw it into the 

 midst of the crowd as a gage of vengeance, request- 

 ing that it might be carried to his heir, Peter o 



