CONSKCKATION 



CONSERVATORY 



427 



has retired through wounds or iiilinnity, tin* 

 other is exempt. Culprits and felons are not 

 allowed t<i enlist. 



\ -iiuilar law of universal service has existed in 

 I'ruia -iiit-f isl.'l, mid in 1887 it wan made even 

 mom severe than formerly throughout the whole 

 <;<MIII.IH i!i|:i'.-. l;u--i.i. Italy, and all the chief 

 Kuropraii nations have also adopted this method 

 !' iv.-niiting. 



In the I'liitcil Kingdom a form of conscription 

 was created hy the Itallot Act of 1800 which pro- 

 vides for all males over 5 feet 2 inches between 

 theagi-s of eighteen ami thirty being called upon 

 t<> -I'rve in the militia, but is held in abeyance by 

 an animal act of parliament. In the Channel 

 Islands, service in the militia is always compulsory 

 for all natives, tradesmen, and owners of real 



groperty, who are physically fit, from sixteen to 

 >rty-five years of age. Breaches of discipline 

 -are punished by the civil magistrate by fine or 

 imprisonment. 



Consecration is the act of solemnly dedicating 

 a person or thing to the service of God. In the 

 Jewish law, rites of this nature are frequently en- 

 joined, the Levites and priests, the tabernacle and 

 altar, &c. being specially dedicated or consecrated to 

 God ; and analogous forms occur in most pagan 

 nations. Among Christians the word consecration 

 describes ( 1 ) the ordination of bishops. The 

 Nicene Council ( can. 4 ) requires the ceremony to be 

 performed by not less than three bishops. This 

 rule is maintained by the Church of England. 

 Among Roman Catholics the pope may permit 

 consecration by one bishop and two priests. (2) 

 The hallowing of the elements in the eucharist, 

 by the words of institution according to Roman 

 Catholics and Anglicans ; by the invocation of the 

 Holy Spirit according to the Greeks. ( 3 ) The dedi- 

 cation of churches ; first mentioned by Eusebius, 

 Hist. Eccles. x. 3. The rites, originally very simple, 

 have become long and elaborate in the Church of 

 Rome, though the present form is in substance as 

 old as the Sacramentary of St Gregory. In the 

 English Church the bishop chooses his own form. 

 Tlrtit most generally used was drawn up by the 

 Anglican episcopate in 1712. In the American 

 Episcopal Churcn a form was appointed in 1799. 

 { 4 ) The benediction of abbots and abbesses accord- 

 ing to forms prescribed in the Roman Pontifical. 

 It is usually performed by a bishop. (5) The con- 

 secration of altars, chalices, and patens by the 

 bishop with the chrism or hallowed oil. The con- 

 secration of altars is mentioned by councils of the 

 6th century, that of chalices and patens in the 

 Gregorian Sacramentary. 



Consecutive, a term in Music. In part writ- 

 ing consecutive octaves or consecutive fifths, 

 according to the rules of harmony, are strictly 

 forbidden, though there are many exceptions to 

 thi> in modern music. 



Consent is the foundation of all contracts and 

 legal obligations. The doctrine that the free con- 

 sent of the parties bound, and not the will of any 

 earthly legislator, or the form in which that will is 

 expressed, constitutes the binding element in con- 

 tracts, Hows as an inevitable logical consequence 

 from the doctrines of personal and political free- 

 dom. All that either civil or ecclesiastical author- 

 ity can do is to ascertain, at the instance of one 

 or other of the parties, whether consent has or has 

 not been given. 



Conservation of Energy. See ENERGY. 



Conservative* as applied to one of the two 



Sreat parties in English politics, was first used by 

 . W. Croker in an article in the Quarterly for 

 January 1830, and was by Macaulay in the Edin- 

 burgh for 1832 referred to as a 'new cant word.' 



Conservative accordingly Ix-yan to supersede Torf 

 ahont the time of tin- Ki-ioim Hill controversies. 

 See TORV. 



Conservatoire* or CONSKRVATOKIUM dial. 

 cotuervatorio), forms of a name given by the 

 Italians to schools instituted for the purpose of 

 advancing the study of music ami maintaining its 

 purity. In the earliest times these schools were 

 partly attached to benevolent institutions and 

 hospitals; others, again, were supported by 

 opulent private individuals. They were origin- 

 ally intended for foundlings, orphan-, and the 

 children of poor parents. Some trace their origin 

 to St Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, in the 4th cen- 

 tury, or St Leo, who nourished in the 5th. They 

 were largely developed by Gregory the Great. 

 The scholars, male and female, all received free 

 board, lodging, and clothing, and were taught 

 to sing and play. Extra boarders were also 

 admitted on paying a fee. In Naples there 

 were at one time four such schools, while in 

 Venice there were four expressly for females. In 

 1808 the Neapolitan conservatoires were reduced 

 to one, under the name of Reale Collegio di Musica. 

 The Venetian conservatoires shared in the down- 

 fall of the Venetian republic. A new grand con- 

 servatoire was founded at Milan in 1808, which 

 still exists. In France the necessity of a school 

 for educating singers gave rise to the cole Royale 

 de Chant et de Declamation in 1784. During the 

 French Revolution, in consequence of the scarcity 

 of instrumental musicians for the army, the govern- 

 ment decreed the erection of an Institut National 

 de Musique in 1793, which was changed into the 

 present establishment in 1795 under the name of 

 the Conservatoire de Musique. The yearly ex- 

 penses of this conservatoire were fixed at 240,000 

 francs, the number of masters was 125, and the 

 pupils of both sexes amounted to 600. In 1802 

 the expense was reduced to 100,000 francs, with a 

 corresponding reduction in the number of masters 

 and pupils, but the original sum and number of 

 pupils has now been nearly reached again ; the 

 professors are at present 77 in number. The tuition 

 is divided over more than seventy different classes, 

 in which all pertaining to music and also declama- 

 tion is taught by the best masters. The elemen- 

 tary works published by this conservatoire for all 

 instruments are known over the whole world, and it 

 possesses a library and museum of the first import- 

 ance. The post of director has been held by an 

 illustrious succession Cherubini, 1822-42; Auber, 

 1842-71 ; and then, M. Ambroise Thomas. Other 

 important conservatoires are those of Brussels 

 (founded 1833), Prague, Vienna (1816), and the 

 great conservatorium of Leipzig, established in 

 1842 under the auspices of Mendelssohn ; also those 

 of Cologne, Munich, Stuttgart, Berlin, &c. The 

 Royal College of Music in London, which received 

 a charter in 1882, is designed to rival the conserva- 

 toires of the Continent. There are several of note 

 in the United States, especially the Boston Con- 

 servatory of Music (1867), the New England 

 Conservatory of Music (1870), also in Boston, and 

 the Grand Conservatory of Music of the City of 

 New York ( a corporation ) ; and there are reputable 

 schools of music, termed conservatories, in almost 

 all the principal cities. The name conservatoire 

 is used for other than musical schools in France. 

 There is thus a Conservatoire da Art* et Metiert 

 at Paris. 



Conservators of the Pence, a title usually 

 applied to knights elected in each shire from the I'.Ml- 

 century onwards for the conservation of the peace. 

 They were in fact the predecessors of the Justices 

 of the Peace (q.v. ), by whom they were superseded. 



Conservatory. See PLANT-HOUSE. 



