TOO. MASS IK 



COOI'KI! 



nevertheless complaints of unfair and even cruel 



1 1. MI in. -in of the coolies are heard from time to 

 time. The coolie traffic l>etween the southern ports 

 of India and Ceylon is ..m-i.tnt and mutually 

 udxantageous ; alnnit 70,000 go from India every 

 year, of whom three-fourths return, and the rest 

 settle in the island. 



The islands of the Pacific have been the scene of 

 A so called labour trade, in respect to which Sir 

 Arthur Kennedy, governor of ^liieensland, wrote in 

 I *"> I : 'I have never concealed my opinion of the 

 irntlic in Polynesian savages, and I feel assured 

 that scandals exist which do not reach the public. 

 ... 1 have had many years' experience in the West 

 African slave-trade and the Chinese coolie-trade, 

 and 1 cannot divest myself of grave fears that the 

 Polynesian labour-trade partakes of many of the 

 evils of l>oth.' A Royal Commission of Inquiry 

 was appointed in 1884; the existence of kidnapping 

 Mas proved; and 404 kidnapped islanders (called 

 ' Kanakas ' ) were restored to their homes. 



Tlie literature of this subject consists chiefly of parlia- 

 mentary papers and government reports. Besides those 

 referred to al>ove, the following may be named: Corre- 

 spondence, Papers, or Reports on the Macao Coolie Trade 

 ( 1*71 to 1875) ; on Coolie Emigration from India (1874); 

 on the Coolies in Assam (18ti7 ), in Surinam (1877), in 

 Trinidad ( 1885 ) ; on Coolie Importation from India to 

 French Guiana (1878) ; and on Chinese Immigration into 

 the Australasian Colonies (1888). The West Indies and 

 Spanish Main, by A. Trollope (1860); The Coolie: his 

 Riithts and Wronfft, by E. Jenkins (1871); In (juest o'' 

 Coolies, by J. L. A. Hope (1872); Charles Kingsley's At 

 Lout (1872), and Churchyard's Blackbirdimj in Southern 

 beas ( 1888 ), may be consulted. 



Cooiliassie, the capital of the kingdom of 

 Ashanti, Western Africa, is situated about 120 

 miles NNW. of Cape Coast Castle. It occupies 

 the side of a rocky hill, and is about four miles in 

 circuit. The walls of the houses are mostly formed 

 of stakes and wattle-work, the interstices being 

 filled up with clay ; the roofs are of palm-leaves. 

 The king's palace was burned by Wolseley in 1874, 

 but has been rebuilt ( see ASHANTI ). Pop. stated by 

 natives to lie 100,000 ; but other reports, including 

 observations during the war, say 20,000. See 

 Reade's Coomassie ( 1876). 



Cooper, ASHLEY. See SHAFTESBURY. 



Cooper, SIR ASTLEY, surgeon, was born, a 

 clergyman's son, at Brooke Hall, Norfolk, 23d 

 August 1768. In his seventeenth year he went 

 to London, and became a pupil of Mr Cline, one of 

 the most noted surgeons of liis day. He devoted 

 himself with ardour to his profession, and was 

 a constant attender at the dissecting-rooms, and 

 also at the lectures of the famous John Hunter. 

 In 1789 he was appointed demonstrator of anatomy 

 at St Thomas's Hospital ; and two years after he 

 assisted in the lectures on anatomy and surgery. 

 1 n 1 793 he was appointed lecturer on anatomy at the 

 College of Surgeons, in 1800 surgeon to Guy's Hospi- 

 tal; and in 1813 professor of Comparative Anatomy 

 in the College of Surgeons. Meanwhile, Cooper had 

 Iteen enriching medical literature by various con- 

 tributions. An essay on the effects resulting from 

 the destruction of the membrana tympani gained 

 him, in 1802, the Copley medal of the Royal Society, 

 of which he was elected a fellow three years after- 

 wards. In 1804-7 appeared his great work on 

 Jli-nn'a, with life-size illustrations, a contribution 

 of the utmost value to medical science, though in 

 a pecuniary point of view it proved very unprofit- 

 able to himself. The practical part of his profession 

 was not neglected during this time. He was the 

 first to attempt the tying of the carotid artery, an 

 attempt which, though unsuccessful in his hands, 

 has since proved effectual in the hands of other 

 practitioners. His annual income, which in the 



Copyright 1889, 1W7, and 

 1800 In the U.S. br J. li. 

 Llpplocott Company. 



fifth year of bin practice only amounted to 100, 

 had in 1813 risen to the enormous sum of 21,000. 

 In 1817 he tried what hat* }> considered the 

 boldest experiment ever attempted in surgery, the 

 tying of the aorta, which did not prove successful. 

 In 1820 Cooper removed a tumour from the head 

 of George IV., who conferred a baronetcy ujxm 

 him some ix months after. In 1827 he was 

 elected President of the College of Surgeons, in 

 1828 liecame sergeant-surgeon to the king, and in 

 1830 was made vice-president of the Royal Society. 

 Other honours flowed in upon him. He was made 

 a meml>er of the French Institute, and correspond- 

 ing member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, a 

 D.C.L. of Oxford, ami an LL.D. of Edinburgh. 

 Ever busy with his pen as with his knife, he in 

 1822 published a great work on Dislocations and 

 Fractures. His treatise on the Anatomy and 

 Diseases of the Breast (1829-40) was characterised 

 by all the care, research, and originality which dis- 

 tinguished his previous works ; so likewise was his 

 A natomy of the Thymus Gland ( 1 832 ). Cooper died 

 12th February 1841, and was buried in the chapel of 

 Guy's Hospital. A colossal statue to his memory 

 is erected in St Paul's Cathedral, London. As a 

 teacher, Cooper possessed the faculty of communi- 

 cating knowledge in a manner at once easy and 

 agreeable ; and he elevated medical surgery, the 

 operations of which before his time had been de- 

 scribed as a series of ' frightful alternatives, or 

 hazardous compromises,' into a science. See his 

 Life (2 vols. 1843). 



Cooper, JAMES FENIMORE, a distinguished 

 American novelist of Quaker descent, was born at 

 Burlington, N. J.,Sept. 15, 1789. 

 His father was a man of wealth 

 and Federalist member of con- 

 gress. In 1790 the family removed to Cooperstown, 

 N. Y., then in a wild frontier region of great natural 

 beauty. Cooper entered Yale College in 1802, a boy 

 of thirteen. After remaining there three years, he 

 was dismissed for some minor act of alleged mis- 

 conduct. In 1806 he shipped as a common sailor, 

 and in 1808 entered the navy as a midshipman. 

 He rose to the rank of a lieutenant, but in 1811 

 resigned his commission, and married Susan, a sister 

 of Bishop De Lancey of New York. His first novel, 

 Precaution (published anonymously in 1819), was a 

 failure. It was followed by thirty-two tales of 

 extremely unequal quality. Among those of 

 merit we may name The Spy ( 1821 ), The Pilot 

 ( 1823), The Last of the Mohicans ( 1826), The Prairie 

 (1826), The Red Rover (1831), The Bravo (1831), 

 The Pathfinder (1840), The Deerslayer (1841), The 

 Two Admirals ( 1842), Wina-and- Wing ( 1842), and 

 SatanstoP (1845). His other writings include a 

 meritorious Naval History of the United States 

 (1839; abridged edition, 1841), and Lines of Disfm - 

 ffnt'nhed American Naval Officers (1846). His 

 works of fiction have long enjoyed great popu- 

 larity ; and his best productions, in spite or con- 

 spicuous faults, well deserve all the favour they 

 have received. His sea-tales and stories of frontier 

 life are in all respects his best. Cooper's descriptive 

 talents were of very high order ; and some of his 

 characters, such as ' Natty Bumpo,' ' Long Tom 

 Coffin,' ' Birch,' ' The Big Serpent,' and especially 

 ' Leather-Stocking, 'are drawn with as much strength 

 and life as almost any in the whole range of fiction. 

 The peace of many of the later years of his life was 

 much disturbed by literary and newspaper contro- 

 versies and actions for libel, in nearly all of which 

 he was successful. He conducted his own lawsuits, 

 and usually pleaded his own cases with admirable 

 tact and ability. One good result of these suits 

 was to put upon the newspaper press of his own 

 time and country some degree of restraint from the 

 scandalously savage and virulent freedom of speech 



