COPYRIGHT 



COQU1LLA NUT 



469 



limited audience for a limited purpose (as e.g. n 

 protessor instructing his class) niuy prevent the 

 publication of unauthorised reports. 



Letters. The copyright in a letter, an already 

 mentioned, is retained by the writer, unless he in- 

 dicates his wish that it should be published. 



Newtt}Mf>ers registered under the Copyright Acts 

 are copyright, and even the adoption of an exist- 

 ing newspaper title is a good cause of action. 



Kmjravings, Maps, (r. Copyright in these is for 

 twenty-eight years. Kach plate and print must 

 bear the name of the proprietor. Copyright in 

 paintings, drawings, and photographs is secured to 

 the artist during his life and seven years after. A 

 register of proprietors of copyright in paintings, &c. \ 

 is Kept at Stationers' Hall. 



Colonial Copyright. Since 1842 the copyright of 

 books printed in the United Kingdom is extended ', 

 to all the colonies thereof, and in 1847 the Foreign 

 Reprints Act enabled the colonies to import foreign \ 

 reprints of British books, on making due provision 

 for the rights of authors. In 1874 the Canadian 

 Copyright Act enabled a British author to obtain 

 copyright in Canada for twenty-eight years, pro- 

 vided his work be published in the colon}'. 



International Copyright. Foreign authors and 

 artists are able to secure copyright in Britain for 

 their works, provided due protection has been se- 

 cured by the country in which such works were 

 produced for the benefit of those interested in simi- 

 lar works published in Her Majesty's dominions. 

 The term of copyright in France is life and fifty 

 years ; in Belgium, life and twenty years ; in Ger- 

 many, life and thirty years ; in Italy, life and forty 

 years (with a further term of forty years) ; in Russia, 

 Spain, and Portugal the term is life and fifty years ; 

 in Holland, life and twenty years. 



Copyright in designs is protected in England by 

 the Patents Act of 1883, and in the United States 

 designs are patentable. See PATENTS, TRADE- 

 MARKS. 



COPYRIGHT IN THE UNITED STATES. The copy- 

 right law of the United States of America, in force 

 in January 1898, provides that authors, artists, ar- 

 tisans, anil other proprietors of copyrightable arti- 

 cles may secure A first copyright of the same for a 

 term of twenty-eight years, with a renewal on the 

 expiration of the term for an additional fourteen 

 years, the renewal to be by the author of the book or 

 other work if he l>e then living, or if he be dead, by 

 his widow or children. No person, however, is en- 

 titled to a copyright unless he shall on or before the 

 day of publication of his work in this or any foreign 

 country deliver at the office of the Librarian of Con- 

 gress or deposit in the mail within the United States 

 addressed to the Librarian of Congress at Washing- 

 ton, D.C., a printed copy of the title of the l>ook or 

 other article on which a copyright is desired, or in 

 case of a painting, drawing, or other work of art, a 

 description of the same ; nor unless he shall also, not 

 later than the day of publication thereof in this orany 

 foreign country, deliver at the office of the Libra i i.ui 

 of Congress, or deposit in the mail within the United 

 States addressed to the Librarian of Congress at 

 Washington, I). C., two conies of such copyright 

 book or other printed product on which a copy- 

 right is desired, or if it be a painting or drawing, 

 or other work of the fine arts, or a design for a work 

 of the fine arts, a photograph of the same ; and to 

 render the copyrignt dependable he must insert in 

 the several copies of every edition of the work pub- 

 lished, on the title-page or the page immediately 

 following, if it be a book, or if any other copyright- 

 able work on some visible portion thereof, a copy- 

 right notice, which notice may be in the following 

 words: 'Copyright 18 . . . by A. . . . B. . . .' ; 

 and he must also send to the Librarian of Congress 

 a copy of every subsequent edition of his book 



wherein substantial changes have been made ; and 

 in case of the failure of the proprietor of any copy- 

 right to deliver to the Librarian of Congrewt the 

 books or other articles as herein specified for the 

 completion of said copyright, he shall be liable to a 

 penalty of twenty-five dollars, to be collected by 

 the Librarian of Congress in an action in the db- 

 trict court of the United States. 



Copies of books, photographs, chromos, and litho- 

 graphs deposited for copyright purposes must have 

 IIITII printed from type set within the limits of the 

 United States, or from plates (whether electrotypes, 

 negatives, drawings on stone, or transfers) made 

 therefrom ; and in case of the renewal of the copy- . 

 right by the author or his widow or children as pro- 1 

 vided, the printed title of the book or other work, ' 

 together with the two copies of the same, or the 

 photograph if it be a work of the fine arts, must be 

 again deposited with the Librarian of Congress as 

 in the case of the first copyright, the said deposit 

 to be made within six months before the expiration 

 of the first copyright ; and the party securing the 

 renewal must within two months from the date of 

 said renewal cause a copy of the record thereof to 

 be published in one or more newspapers printed in 

 the United States for the space of four weeks, and 

 shall- comply with all other regulations the same as 

 in the case of original copyrights. 



The fees of the Librarian of Congress are : (1) For 

 recording the title or description of any copyright 

 book or other article, fifty cents ; or in the case of 

 the description of a production of a person not a citi- 

 zen or resident of the United States, one dollar. (2) 

 Every copy of such record, fifty cents. ( 3 ) Record- 

 ing any instrument for the assignment, one dollar. 

 (4) Every copy of such assignment, one dollar. 



See G. H. Putnam, The Question of Copyruiht (New 

 York, 1891 ; newed. 1896) ; works by Scrutton, (Jopinger, 

 Shortt, Bowker, and A. Birrell ( 1899 ) ; and Constant's 

 Code Gtnlral des Droits d'Auteur ( 1888). 



Coquelin, BENOIT CONSTANT, actor, born in 

 1841 at Boulogne, admitted to the Conservatoire in 

 1859, and made his debut at the Theatre Fran9ais, 

 7th December 1860, as Gros-Rene in the Dei>it 

 Ainoureux. After a quarter-century of unbroken 

 success, in classical pieces, in roles created by him- 

 self, and in the broader aspects of comedy, he left 

 the Theatre Francais in 1886, appeared in London 

 in 1887, and in South America and the United 

 States in 1888. 



Coquerel, ATHANASE LAURENT CHARLES, an 

 eloquent minister of the French Reformed Church, 

 was bom in Paris in 1795. He studied theology at 

 Montauhan, and became in 1818 minister of the 

 French church in Amsterdam, but came to Paris in 

 1830, on the invitation of Cuvier, and preached here 

 until his death, 20th January 1868. In 1848 he 

 was elected a delegate to the National Assembly 

 by the department of the Seine. His writings, all 

 marked by earnestness and literal sympathies, in- 

 clude a reply to Strauss (1841), six collections of 

 sermons (1842-56), and Christoloffie (1858). His 

 son, ATHANASE Josu6 LAURENT, also a Protest ant 

 pastor of liberal tendencies, was born at Amster 

 dam in 1820. A still more ' advanced ' theologian 

 than his father, he found himself at variance with 

 the Protestant Consistory and the predominating 

 influence of Guizot in his somewhat rigidly ortho- 

 dox old age. He diet! at Fismes, in Marne, 25th 

 July 1875. Among his works were an edition of 

 Voltaire's letters on toleration (1863), and Jean 



Coquilla Nut. the fruit of a Brazilian palm, 

 Attaint fiinifera. On account of their large size 

 (3 to 4 inches long) and the hard texture and beau- 

 tiful mottling of their dark brown endosperm, they 

 are imported by button-makers and turners. 



