494 



COROZO 



CORPORATION 



d'Avray,' ' Dante etVirgile.' He is well represented 

 in public and private collections in Britain and the 

 United States. See Lives by Dumesnil (1875), 

 Robaut (1880), Rousseau (1884), and Roger-Miles 

 (1891); and the Monograph by D. C. Thomson 

 (1892, reprinted from his Barbizon School, 1891). 



Corozo. See IVORY (VEGETABLE), BUTTON. 



Corpora Quadrigemina. See BRAIN. 



Corporal, in the British army, is the grade" of 

 non-commissioned officer next below that of ser- 

 geant. When the regiment is on parade he falls 

 in as a private soldier, but in barracks or camp 

 he exercises certain disciplinary control over the 

 privates, commands small guards, and does orderly 

 duty. The distinctive badge is two Chevrons ( q. v. ) 

 on the sleeve. The pay varies from Is. 8d. -to 2s. 4d. 

 a day. There are 4 corporals to each troop of 

 cavalry, and 5 to each Company ( q. v. ) of infantry. 

 A lance-corporal is an acting corporal, who remains 

 on private's pay, and wears one chevron only. In 

 the artillery there is a special grade of non-com- 

 missioned officer below that of corporal, called a 

 bombardier, with pay equal to the lowest rate of 

 corporals in the infantry. The badge is one chevron, 

 and there are acting bombardiers, but no lance- 

 corporals. In the engineers the corresponding rank 

 is that of second corporal. In the Household 

 cavalry the title of corporal of horse is given to the 

 non-commissioned officers corresponding to the 

 troop sergeant-majors of other cavalry regiments 

 (see COLOUR-SERGEANT). The pay is 3s. a day. 

 A ship's corporal in the navy is a petty-officer 

 under the master-at-arms, to aid in teaching the 

 use of small-arms, guard against the smuggling of 

 spirits on board, extinguish the fires and lights, 

 and keep order below at night. 



Corporal ( Lat. corpus, ' the body ' ), a name 

 given to the linen cloth, also called pall and chalice- 

 veil, with which the celebrant covers what is left of 

 the consecrated elements in the Holy Communion 

 until the service is concluded. 



Corporal Punishments. See FLOGGING. 



Corporation. This, in England, is either 

 aggregate or sole. A corporation aggregate is a 

 society of persons authorised by law to act as one 

 person, and to perpetuate its existence by the 

 admission of new members. Without such legal 

 authority the acts of the society would be regarded 

 only as the acts of the individuals, and the pro- 

 perty of the society would descend to the heirs of 

 the individual members. A corporation sole con- 

 sists of one person, the holder of a public office, 

 and his successors, such as the sovereign, a bishop, 

 the vicar of a parish, and most perpetual curates. 

 The only Scottish instance is the minister of the 

 parish. A singular modern instance is the Treasury 

 Solicitor. As regards property, however, some of 

 the public departments represented by their chief 

 e.g. the Secretary of State for War are also 

 corporations sole i.e. property transmits without 

 conveyance to each holder of the office. There are 

 also quasi corporations aggregate, such as the 

 churchwardens in England, the Commissioners of 

 Supply in Scotland, the heritors of a Scottish parish, 

 who cannot hold land in succession, and have no 

 common seal. An intermediate class consists of 

 parochial boards and school boards, which can hold 

 land, but have no common seal. 



A corporation could formerly be established only 

 by charter from the crown or act of parliament, 

 unless, indeed, it existed by immemorial prescrip- 

 tion ; but of late years the exigencies of commerce 

 have led to the passing of various enactments, by 

 compliance with which any society of persons may 

 acquire for themselves the character of a corpora- 

 tion (see COMPANY). Many important municipal 



charters were granted by ecclesiastical authority 

 e.g. till 1835 Newcastle had only a charter from 

 the bishop of Durham. Boroughs, too, had fre- 

 quently delegated from the crown, or some subject 

 siiperior with royal rights, the power of incorpo- 

 rating trades or crafts within their own territory. 

 The freedom of the crafts or of the merchant guild 

 may in general be acquired by apprenticeship or 

 fey services in the army or navy (see GUILDS). A 

 corporation always receives a corporate name, by 

 which it sues and is sued, and it must possess a 

 common seal, which is the proper evidence of its 

 intentions and obligations. The majority of the 

 members are entitled to act within the powers of the 

 corporation, and may, by a bylaw, even delegate 

 except in the case of municipal corporations the 

 power of acting to a certain number of the mem- 

 bers. For these acts none of its members are 

 personally liable. 



Corporations, whether aggregate or sole, are 

 divided into ecclesiastical and lay, and the lay are 

 subdivided into civil and eleemosynary. The 

 ecclesiastical are such as are composed wholly of 

 clergymen in their ecclesiastical capacity, and are 

 chierly for the purpose of holding ecclesiastical 

 property. Civil corporations include municipal 

 corporations, the universities, the colleges of phy- 

 sicians and surgeons, learned societies, and many 

 trading companies incorporated. Eleemosynary 

 corporations are for the administration of funds for 

 charitable and pious purposes, such as hospitals, 

 the colleges in universities, which, unlike the 

 universities, the English law holds to be subject 

 to visitation, &c. An important consequence 

 of these distinctions is the effect it has on the 

 right of visiting a corporation, or exercising a 

 legal superintendence over its proceedings. The 

 crown is the visitor of the archbishops, each arch- 

 bishop is the visitor of his suffragan bishops, and 

 each bishop is the visitor of all the ecclesiastical 

 corporations in his diocese. Civil corporations 

 have no visitor, but in both England and Scotland 

 they are of course liable to be restrained by the 

 courts where anything ultra vires is attempted. 

 Eleemosynary corporations in England are visited 

 by the founder and his heirs, or such persons as the 

 founder appointed to be visitors, and in default of 

 such persons, by the Court of Chancery. To some 

 extent similar functions have devolved on the 

 Charity Commissioners. See under CHARITIES. 



A corporation may be dissolved by the death of 

 all its members, or of such number as leaves not 

 enough to make new elections in the way the 

 charter requires ; by forfeiture of the charter 

 through breach of its conditions ; by surrender of 

 the charter ; or by act of parliament. In all such 

 cases the lands of the corporation revert to their 

 several donors ; the creditors, however, if any, 

 being entitled in the first place to insist on a sale 

 and distribution of the property, whether in a 

 sequestration or otherwise. 



Corporations, as has been pointed out in the 

 American Civil Rights Act of Congress, are liable 

 to the ordinary laws and treaties of the country, 

 but are not citizens in the sense of exercising a 

 political or municipal franchise. The American 

 law has also had occasion to emphasise the distinc- 

 tion between public corporations which may be 

 affected by legislation, while the written constitu- 

 tion of America prohibits any interference with the 

 rights of a private corporation. Further, according 

 to American law, the franchises of a corporation 

 are treated as realisable assets for creditors. The 

 amount of property which may be held by a corpora- 

 tion in the States is frequently limited in the act 

 or charter ; and as regards charitable and religious 

 purposes, a general law forbids the holding of more 

 than $50,000, or 10,000 worth. In the States less 



