COSWAV 



roT.MAN 



505 



used in India a> u Imii wash, ae a stimulant in 

 clmlna, and as a stimulating ointment. 



4'oswtiy* Kn'llAltn, K.A., miniature painter, 

 was \Htn\ in 1740, son of the master of Tiverton 

 school in Devonshire. Hi- early displayed a taste 

 for painting, and .studied in London under Hudson, 

 in Shipley's school, and in the lioyal Academy, of 

 which he became an a^ociate in 1770, and a mem- 

 ber in 1771. He painted oil subjects, aiming at the 

 sweetness and softness of Correggio ; Init it was in 

 portraiture that he made his mark, and soon his 

 miniatures were ' not only fashionable, but the 

 fashion itself.' Having gained the personal friend- 

 ship of the Prince of \\ales, he was appointed his 

 pa inter-in-ordinary, and Mrs Fitzherbert and all 

 the beauties of the coterie sat to him. His small 

 female full-lengths with the faces finished in water- 

 colour, though slight in execution, are full of ex- 

 auisite grace ; and his ivory miniatures are also 

 elicate and valuable. Personally Cosway was 

 vain and eccentric. He died 4th July 1821. In 

 1781 he married MARIA HADFIELD, a skilful 

 musician, also known as an artist ; she executed 

 subjects for Boydell's Shakespeare, and Macklin's 

 Poets. She separated from ner husband, and is 

 believed to have died in a convent at Lyons. 



Cote-d'Or, a department in the east of France, 

 formed of part of the old province of Burgundy, 

 with an area of 3383 sq. m., and a pop. ( 1891 ) of 

 376,866. The surface is in general rather elevated, 

 and is traversed by a chain of hills forming the con- 

 necting link between the Cevennes and the Vosges. 

 A portion of that range, called the C6te-d'Or 

 ( ' golden slope ' ), receives its name, which it gives 

 to the department, from the excellence of the Bur- 

 gundy wines produced on its slopes. Much of 

 the surface is covered with forests. The valleys 

 and plains are fertile, and there is good pasture- 

 land. C6te-d'Or is watered by the Seine, which 

 rises in the north-west, and by several of its afflu- 

 ents ; by the Saone, and by the Arroux, a tributary 

 of the Loire. By means of canals it has water- 

 communication with the German Ocean, Mediter- 

 ranean, English Channel, and Bay of Biscay. The 

 climate is temperate ; iron, coal, marble, gypsum, 

 and lithographic stones are found, the first in large 

 Quantities. C6te-d'Or is divided into four arron- 

 dissements : Beaune, Chatillpn-sur-Seine, Dijon, 

 and Seinur, and has Dijon for its capital. 



Cot nit in. THE, the peninsula projecting from 

 the north-west of Normandy into the English 

 Channel, between the Bay or St Michel and the 

 Gulf of Carentan, now forms the northern part of 

 the department of La Manche. It is about 55 miles 

 long and 25 broad. Under the dukes of Normandy, 

 the Cotentin became the seat of numerous power- 

 ful barons and rich abbeys. Many of the former 

 followed William the Conqueror to England in 

 1066, and the names of several of the aristocratic 

 families of England may be traced to humble 

 towns and villages on this peninsula (e.g. Beau- 

 mont, Bnice, Carteret, Neville). The Cotentin 

 is highly fertile, and is famous for its herds of 

 fine cattle. The chief town in the peninsula is 

 Cherbourg, though the old capital is Coutances. 



Cotes, ROGER, a mathematician, whose remark- 

 able promise was cut short by untimely death, was 

 born at Burba^e, near Leicester, July 10, 1682. He 

 had his education at St Paul's School, London, and 

 Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was elected 

 fellow in 1705, and next year, through the influence 

 of Newton, Whiston, and Bentley, Plumian professor 

 of Astronomy and Natural Philosophy. He was 

 elected F.R.S. in 1711, and took orders in 1713. 

 His principal work is the admirable preface explain- 

 ing the Newtonian philosophy, and answering 

 objections to gravitation, prefixed to the second 



edition (1713) of Newton 'H I'rincipia. Various 

 original mathematical pajterw, tending greatly to 

 the development of logarithm*, were edited after 

 his death, which took place f>th June 1716. 'Had 

 Cotes lived,' said Sir Isaac Newton, ' we might 

 have known something.' 



Cotett-dU'Nord ('northern coast*'), a French 

 department forming part of Brittany, and hounded 

 N. by the English Channel, in which are several 

 small islands belonging to Cote-du-Nord. Area, 

 2659 so. m. ; pop. (1872) 622,295; (1891) 618,652. 

 The Menez Mountains, 16 miles broad, and 1115 

 feet high, cross the department from east to west, 

 and chiefly consist of granite and clay -slate. There 

 are several short but navigable rivers. Though a 

 great portion of the south and the higher plains is 

 occupied by heath and woods, there are also fertile 

 tracts. The cultivation of flax and hemp, with 

 pasturage and iron-mining, supply employment in 

 the hill-districts; while in the sheltered valleys 

 and on the coast-levels grain, pears, apples, &c. 

 are produced. The department is divide*! into the 

 five arrondissements of St Brieuc, Dinan, Loudeac, 

 Lannion, and Guingamp. The chief town is St 

 Brieuc. 



Coteswold, or COTSWOLD HILLS, a range of 

 oolitic limestone hills, running through the middle 

 of Gloucestershire, from Chipping Campden in the 

 NE., by Cheltenham and Stroud, to near Bath in 

 the SW. The range is over 50 miles long, with an 

 average height of 500 or 600 feet, and separates the 

 Lower Severn from the sources of the Thames. 

 The highest point is Cleeve Hill, 1134 feet. For 

 the Coteswold Games, see ATHLETIC SPORTS. 



Cotgray e HANDLE, author of our earliest 

 French dictionary, but of whose life little is known 

 save that he was a native of Cheshire ; was 

 admitted scholar of St John's College, Cambridge, 

 in 1587 ; became secretary to William Cecil, Lord 

 Burghley ; and was alive as late as 1632, in which 

 year he carried the second edition of his dictionary 

 through the press. The first edition had appeared 

 in 1611, and editions revised by James Howell 

 were issued in 1650, 1660, and 1673. Cotgrave'a 

 dictionary was a really remarkable book for ita 

 time, and is still invaluable to the philologist, not 

 only as a storehouse of older English words, but 

 because it fixes the actual forms of French words 

 though it is inevitably crowded with mistakes. 



COthen* See KOTHEX. 



Cothurnus. See BUSKIN. 



Cotillon ( Fr., ' petticoat ' ), the name of a brisk 

 dance, of French origin, performed by eight persons. 

 The quadrille may l>e regarded as a modification 

 of it. 



Cotinga, a genus of Passerine birds, repre- 

 sented by six species in Central and in tropical 

 South America. The family (Cotingid;e) to which 

 they belong is often called the Chatterers of South 

 America, though the name Chatterers (q.v.) is by 

 others confined to the Amjtelidie. They are fruit- 

 eating birds, and the males are very lx?autifully 

 adorned in blue or violet at the breeding season. 

 See COCK OF THE ROCK. 



Cotise, or COST, in Heraldry, one of the 

 diminutives of the Bend (q.v.). 



Cotlliail, JOHN SKI.L, an artist of the ' Norwich 

 School,' was born 16th May 17S2, and educated at 

 Norwich grammar-school, till, alxmt 1798, he went 

 up to London to study art, and there made Turner's 

 acquaintance. In 1807 he returned to lib native 

 city, where he taught drawing and published 

 etchings and engravings of local architecture, 

 brasses, &c. In 1834 he obtained, through Turner, 

 the post of drawing-master in Kings College, 

 London, but his later years were clouded by much 



