516 



COTTON 



and 97,000 respectively ; and those for the first five 

 months of 1865, 107,000 and 68,000. During the 

 course of the famine the losses of the trade 

 amounted to between 65,000,000 and 70,000,000, 

 including from 28,000,000 to 30,000,000 loss of 

 wages to operatives. 



Recent Statistics. In the five years 1894-98 an 

 average of 16,334,211 cwt. of raw cotton, of the 

 value of 33,193,300, was imported. The imports 

 for 1898 were in excess of the average, amounting 

 to 19,004,896 cwt., of which 16,119,077 cwt. came 

 from the United States, 2,463,657 cwt. from Egypt, 

 244, 194cwt. from India, 87,808 cwt. from Peru, 53, 769 

 cwt. from Brazil, and small quantities from Canada, 

 British West Indies, and Australasia. Of the total 

 average imports for the five years mentioned, 

 1,884,189 cwt. were re-exported in a raw state, 

 leaving 14,450,022 cwt. to be manufactured for 

 home use and exportation. The following gives 

 the different forms in which it is exported, with 

 the annual quantities and values, the figures giving 

 in all cases the average for the five years 1894-98 : 

 Yarn and twist unbleached, and bleached and dyed, 

 246,752,340 lb., of the value of 9,294,910, the 

 principal quantities going to Holland and Belgium, 

 43,900,000 lb. ; Germany, 43,150,000 lb. ; India, 

 42,000,000 lb. ; Japan, 20,130,000 lb. ; and Turkey, 

 20,000,000 lb. Piece goods, unbleached and bleached, 

 3,458,208,820 yards, value 28,647,309 ; piece goods, 

 printed, 977,416,020 yards, value 10,455,289; 

 piece goods, dyed or manufactured of dyed yarn, 

 698,408,860 yards, value 9,181,744: the principal 

 quantities of these combined items going to India, 

 2,118,000,000 yards; China, 387,000,000 yards; 

 Turkey, 371,000,000 yards; Brazil, 183,000,000 

 yards ; Egypt, 175,000,000 yards ; Australasia, 

 148,000,000 yards ; Java, 128,000,000 yards ; Argen- 

 tine Republic, 98,000,000 yards ; Holland and Bel- 

 gium, 97,000,000 yards; Hong-kong, 92,000,000 

 yards ; Japan, 92,000,000 yards ; Chili, 78,500,000 

 yards; British West Africa, 72,000,000 yards; 

 British West Indies, 67,500,000 yards ; Columbia, 

 62,000,000 yards ; United States, 54,000,000 yards ; 

 Germany, 53,000,000 yards; West Africa (foreign 

 possessions), 45,000,000 yards; Mexico, 41,000,000 

 yards ; Venezuela, 39,000,000 yards ; Cape of Good 

 Hope, 37,500,000 yards; Morocco, 35,000,000 yards; 

 Persia, 26,500,000 yards; Portugal, 23,000,000 

 yards ; the remainder going in smaller quantities 

 to nearly every region in the habitable globe. 

 Piece goods of mixed material, cotton predomi- 

 nating, and other unenumerated kinds, to the value 

 of 2, 143,416 ; lace and patent net, value2, 090,492 ; 

 hosiery of various kinds, value 390,570 ; sewing 

 thread, 24,060,980 lb., value 3,209,803 the total 

 value of the exports of manufactured cotton thus 

 amounting to 65,413,933 ; the three greatest con- 

 sumers being India, China, and Turkey. Besides 

 the imports of raw cotton, there were imported 

 5,710,150 lb. of cotton yarn, mostly from Germany; 

 49,483,867 yards of muslin and other piece goods, 

 four-fifths coming from the United States and 

 Holland and Belgium; and hosiery, &c., to the 

 value of 2,284,845, of all which nearly one-half 

 was re-exported. In addition to the manufactured 

 cotton goods exported by Great Britain given above, 

 there were retained for home consumption manu- 

 factured goods to the value of nearly 40,000,000. 

 In 1897 the comparative amount of raw cotton con- 

 sumed in various countries was : Great Britain 

 1,570,000,000 lb. ; United States, 1,340,000,000 lb. 

 Germany, 640,000,000 lb. ; India, 480,000,000 lb. 

 Russia, 430,000,000 lb. ; France, 400,000,000 lb. 

 Austria, 270,000,000 lb. ; Italy, 240,000,000 lb. 

 Spain, 160,000,000 lb. ; Japan, 160,000,000 lb. 

 Brazil, 120, 000,000 lb. ; and various, 110,000,000 lb. 

 representing a total estimated value of about 

 130,000,000; while the estimated total value of 



the manufactured goods amounted to 360, 000, 000. 

 The United States is still the largest pro- 

 ducer of the raw material, the total produce 

 in 1898 being 50,689,965 cwt. In the same year 

 the States exported raw cotton to the value of 

 $230,442,215, and manufactured cotton to the value 

 of $17,024.092. Egypt exported in 1897 raw cotton 

 to the value of E8,915,640. Brazil, besides ex- 

 porting 319,920 cwt. of raw cotton in 1897, has 155 

 mills for its manufacture, employing about 200,000 

 persons. Peru exported 111,720 cwt. of the raw 

 material in 1897. In British India a large amount 

 of cotton is grown, 9,458,842 acres being under its 

 cultivation ; and there are over 150 cotton-mills 

 in operation, containing about 38,000 looms and 

 4,000,000 spindles. The number of cotton factories 

 in Great Britain is above 2530, with about 650,000 

 power-looms and 4,500,000 spindles, giving employ- 

 ment to about 550,000 operatives. In Germany there 

 are in operation 7,880,000 spindles ; in Austria, 

 2,070,000; in Switzerland, 1,710,000; in Belgium, 

 610,000 ; and in Poland, 510,000 spindles. 



For the manufacture of cotton, see SPINNING, WEAV- 

 ING, CALICO-PRINTING, FUSTIAN, VELVET, GUN-COTTON, 

 CELLULOID, &c. And see for further information Ellison, 

 The Cotton Trade of Great Britain ( new ed. 1886 ) ; 

 Marsden, Cotton Manufacture ( new ed. 1886 ) ; Forbes 

 Royle, Cotton in India ( 1851 ) ; and Dana, Cotton from 

 Seed to Loom (New York and London, 1878).; Lister, 

 A Practical Manual of Cotton Manufacture (1894); 

 Taylor, Cotton Weaving and Designing (1893); French 

 works by Reybaud ( 1863) and Alcan ( 1875), and German 

 books by Fritz ( 1889 ) and Kuhn ( 1892 ) . 



Cotton, CHARLES, the friend of Izaak Walton 

 and translator of Montaigne, was born at his 

 father's estate of Beresford in Staffordshire, 28th 

 April 1630. His father, himself a man of great 

 ability, was a warm friend of Ben Jonson, Selden, 

 Donne, and other illustrious men. The boy travelled 

 on the Continent, devoted himself from youth 

 to a life of letters, and early wrote verses which 

 were handed about among his friends. In 1656 he 

 married his cousin Isabella, sister of the famous 

 Colonel Hutchinson. Though a sincere loyalist, he 

 seems to have lived securely enough under the 

 Commonwealth, and the decay of his father's estate 

 was due mainly to unprosperous lawsuits. In 

 1664 Cotton issued anonymously his burlesque poem, 

 Scarronides, or the First Book of Virgil J'ravestie, 

 added to in later editions in grossness as w r ell as in 

 bulk. Later books, somewhat of the same character, 

 are his Voyage to Ireland in Burlesque (1670) ,and 

 his Burlesque upon Burlesqiie, or the Scoffer Scoft, 

 being some of Liician's Dialogues (1675). His 

 Planter's Manual (1675) testifies to his zeal and 

 taste for horticulture. Next year he contributed a 

 treatise on fly-fishing to the fifth edition of Walton's 

 Compleat Angler, and here he commends his old 

 friend and master, its author, as ' the best and the 

 truest friend ever man had.' Further marks of 

 affection were his commendatory verses in the 1675 

 edition of Walton's Lives ; his poem, The Con- 

 tentation, as well as an earlier one of invitation to 

 Walton to visit him ; and the twisted cipher of his 

 own and his master's names above the door of his 

 fishing-house on the Dove. In 1685 Cotton published 

 his translation of Montaigne's Essays a master- 

 piece on which his fame still rests securely. He 

 died in 1687. Cotton's verses are full of rare felici- 

 ties of thought and phrase, and are more really 

 poetical than much far more pretentious poetry. 

 His prose is simple and clear, direct and vigorous. 

 His character was eminently lovable ; his only 

 troubles, his debts ; his only enemies, his duns. 



Cotton, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH, D.D., 

 bishop, born in 1813, was educated at Westminster 

 and Cambridge, and from 1836 to 1852 was a 

 master at Rugby under Arnold and Tait ; in Tom, 



