COTTON 



COUCAL 



517 



Brown's Sfhnul Dttya he appears as 'the young 

 maMer.' For six years lie was at the head of 

 Marlhorough College, which lie raised to a position 

 among tli.' lir>t schools of Kngland. In 1858 lie 

 wan consecrated Bishop of Calcutta, where he suc- 

 cessfully administered; his immense dim-ese, mul 

 where his schools for the children of the poorer 

 Anglo-Indiana ami Eurasians are monuments of 

 the MTV ires he rendered to education. He was 

 drowned in the Ganges, 6th October 1866. 



Cotton* JOHN, clergyman, born at Derby in 



lf)S,"i, \\as a tutor at Cambridge, and from about 

 1612 held a charge at Boston, in Lincolnshire. 

 Cited to appear, for his Puritan views, l>efore Laud 

 at the high commission court, he in 1633 tied to 

 Boston, in New England, where he preached until 

 his death in 1652. Cotton was reputed a profound 

 scholar, and was the author of nearly fifty works, 

 including a catechism, forms of prayer, and a 

 defence of the interference of the civil authority in 

 religious matters, in a famous controversy with 

 Roger Williams. 



Cotton, SIR ROBERT BRUCE, an English anti- 



3 nary, was born at Denton, Huntingdonshire, 22d 

 anuary 1571. From Westminster School, where 

 he had the famous Camden for master, he passed 

 to Jesus College, Cambridge, where he graduated 

 B.A. in 1585. He soon settled in a house in West- 

 minster on the site of the present House of Lords, 

 and here he commenced to accumulate books, 

 manuscripts, coins, and other articles, and to 

 practise that large hospitality that made Cotton 

 House the meeting-place of all the scholars of the 

 kingdom. His papers read before the Antiquarian 

 Society spread wide the reputation of his learning ; 

 King James knighted him in 1603, created him a 

 baronet in 1611, and frequently consulted him on 

 political matters. But he kept the scholar in prison 

 for eight months in connection with the Overbury 

 case. He had been returned to parliament in 1604, 

 and soon identified himself completely with the 



S)licy of constitutional opposition to the crown, 

 is protest against the proposed debasement of 

 the coinage (1626), his frank criticism of kingcraft 

 in his History of Henry III. (1626-27), his out- 

 spoken review of the present political situation 

 in Ills tract, The Dangers wherein the Kingdom 

 noio Standeth, and the Remedye (1628), and the 

 frequent meeting in his house for deliberations 

 of Eliot, Pym. Selden, and Sir E. Coke, marked 

 him out to the court as an enemy to be crushed. 

 The occasion was soon found. An ironical tract, 

 entitled A Proposition for His Majesty's Service 

 to Bridle the Impertinence/ of Parliaments, having 

 fallen into the hands of Wentworth, it was found 

 on inquiry that the original was in Cotton's library, 

 from which a copy had been made, though without 

 his knowledge, for the press. Cotton and others 

 w.ere Hung into prison, but proceedings were stayed 

 and the prisoners released on the occasion of the 

 birth of an heir to the throne (29th May 1630). 

 But Cotton's library was not restored to him in 

 spite of his pathetic petitions, and as his heart was 

 bound up in his hooks, he pined and died less 

 than a year after (6th May 1631). Fourteen of 

 .his tracts were collected and published as Cotton's 

 Posthttma in 1657. His son, Sir Thomas Cotton 

 (1594-1662), had the books restored to him ; and 

 his great-grandson, Sir John Cotton (1679-1731), 

 bestowed the library on the nation. 



The COTTONIAN LIBRARY was accordingly re- 

 moved to Ashburnham House, Westminster, in 

 1730. In the following year a fire occurred in the 

 house, in which about 114 out of the 958 volumes 

 of MSS. which the library contained were reported 

 as ' lost, burned, or entirely spoiled : and 98 dam- 

 aged so as to be defective. The library was 



transferred to the Uritbdi Museum (see VoL IL 

 ].. 4ti-2) in 1753. 



Co 1 1 oil-grass ( Krinphorum ), a genus of Cyper- 



acc;e, in which tin- ///<////<: or covering of united 

 liracts, which in this order inclose the ripening 

 ovary, is developed into 

 long silky or cottony 

 hairs, which used to lie 

 employed for candle- 

 wicks, stuffing pillows, 

 &c. A more recent 

 attempt to employ these 

 as a substitute for cotton 

 has naturally failed, nor 

 is the herbage willingly 

 eaten by sheep or cattle. 

 Two species are connnon 

 in Britain, and give a 

 characteristic appearance 

 to bogs and wet moors. 



Cotton-wood. See 



POPLAR, SILK-COTTON. 



Cotton-worm is a 



common name for the 



caterpillar of an owlet 



moth (Aletia xyliria), 



which is in some years 



very destructive to the 



cotton crop of the United 



States. The caterpillar 



is green, with yellow 



stripes and black dots, 



and grows to a length of Common Cotton-grass (Erw- 



an inch and a half. The phorum Anyustijolium). 



boll-worm, the caterpillar 



of an allied form ( Heliottus armi(/era), is also very 



destructive to cotton-buds and other crops. 



CottllS, a genus of acanthopterygious fishes, 

 comprising the Bullhead (C. gobio) of British 

 rivers, the marine Father Lasher ( C. scorjntis ), and 

 the closely akin C. bubalis, found on the coasts 

 of California and Georgia. See BULLHEAD. 



Cotyle'don (Gr.,' acup or cup-shaped hollow') 

 is the technical term applied by botanists to the 

 seed-leaves of the embryo. Their morphological 

 importance was formerly somewhat exaggerated, as 

 they were supposed to be quite unrepresented even 

 in the higher cryptogams ( see FERNS, &c.), to which 

 the term acotyledonons, now disused, was therefore 

 applied. The number of cotyledons is, however, 

 usually of high systematic importance ; for although 

 in Gymnosperms it varies from a whorl of eight, 

 ten, or even more in conifers, to usually two in 

 cycads, it is almost constant among the higher 

 Angiosperms, the old division of monocotyledons 

 and dicotyledons having few exceptions to its 

 literal accuracy. Every one is familiar with the 

 two cotyledons of so many seedlings of the latter 

 group ; but a more extended study shows that 

 many never emerge alove ground, or even leave 

 the seed. The form and structure of the cotyle- 

 dons depends largely on whether they have pre- 

 cociously absorbed and stored the nutritive con- 

 tents of the endosperm ; in this case, of which 

 the leguminous seeds of pea, bean, &c. afford 

 the most familiar example, they become more or 

 less fleshy, and frequently do not appear above 

 ground in germination. The mode of packing 

 the cotyledons in the bud also presents many 

 differences in detail of high systematic constancy, 

 and therefore importance. See OVULE, SEED, 

 EMBRYO, and GERMINATION. 



Concal ( Centropus), or LARK-HEELED CUCKOO, 

 a genus of common hush-birds in Africa, India, and 

 through the Malayan Archipelago to Australia. 

 The hind-toe is prolonged into a very long spur. 



