CO VK NAN T 



r.L'9 



plates In- had a chief liuml, while some 



I'm \ li\.- ut tin- small mex/omit" after Sir .Joshua, 

 which hear his master's name, were his work. 

 AlMiut this period lie also executed portrait-* in 

 |>rm-il. In Ivjii lit- startril i>u liis own uccoiint 

 a^ an engraver, ami produced the 'Master Lamb 

 tini' al'trr Lawrence, a nie/./.otint which at once 

 his reputation. It was followed by 

 dmi 



a long M'rii-, uf admirable plates after Reynolds, 

 l.a\\ icnce, l.andseer, Leslie, Millais, Lcighton, 

 an<l other eniinent painters. His ' Muriu An- 

 toinette in the Temple,' after E. M. Ward, he 

 \\.i- accust< imed to rank as one of his finest 

 works. Ho was elected an Associate-engraver 

 of the Royal Academy in is:i~>, and a Royal 

 Academician Engraver in 1856, and he retired 

 in 1880. To the Academy he presented a sum 

 of L'l.'i.lMK) to found annuities for poor and deserv- 

 ing a-rti-ts. He died 7th May 1887. His works 

 were catalogued by Algernon Graves in 1880. 



foiltailCf S, a town in the French department 

 of La Mam-he, 5 miles from the English Channel, 

 ami .~>7 S. of Cherbourg by rail. It stands on a hill 

 crowned by the cathedral (dating from the 13th 

 century), one of the finest specimens of ecclesi- 

 astical architecture in the Early Pointed style in 

 Normandy. Pop. 8108. 



Coilthon, GEORGES, a fanatic of the French 

 Revolution, was born in 1756 at Greet, near Cler- 

 niont, in Auvergne. An advocate at the outbreak 

 of the Revolution, he was sent by Puy de Dome to 

 the National Convention, where, spite of his crippled 

 limbs, he made himself conspicuous by his shrieking 

 hatred of the priesthood and the monarchy. He 

 voted for the death of the king without delay, be- 

 came a devoted and bloodthirsty partisan of Robes- 

 pierre, and was appointed in July 1793 a member 

 of the Canute de Salut Public. At Lyons he 

 crushed the insurrection with merciless severity, 

 and outdid himself after his return to the Conven- 

 tion, with his frothv ravings against Pitt and the 

 English nation. The fall of Robespierre brought 

 down Couthon also. Accused by Freron, he was 

 thrown into prison, delivered by the mob with 

 whom he was popular, recaptured by the soldiers of 

 the Convention, and executed 28th July 1794, along 

 with St Just and Robespierre. 



Coiltras, a town in the French department of 

 Gironde, on the left bank of the Dronne, 32 miles 

 NE. of Bordeaux by rail, with some trade in 

 Hour and wine. Here, in 1587, Henry of Navarre 

 gained a bloody victory over the forces of the 

 League, under the Due de Joyeuse, who perished. 

 Pop. 2302. 



Coutts, THOMAS, banker, was bom in 1735 in 

 Edinburgh, the son of a merchant and banker, who 

 was lord provost in 1742-44. With his brother 

 James he rounded the banking-house of Coutts and 

 Co. in London, and on the latter's death in 1778 

 became sole manager. Keen and exact in matters 

 of business, although charitable and hospitable in 

 private, he left a fortune of some 900,000 at hi> 

 death in 1822. By his first wife, who hat! been a 

 servant of his brother's, he had three daughters, 

 who married respectively the Earl of Guilford, the 

 Marquis of Bute, and Sir Francis Burdett, Bart. ; 

 in 1815 he married Miss Mellon the actress. See 



BURUETT-COUTTS. 



CouvadfS a singular and widespread custom 

 among savages in many parts of the world, and 

 regulating the conduct or a father in connection 

 with the birth of a child. In Guiana, even liefore 

 the child is born, the father abstains from some 

 kinds of animal food. The mother works up to a 

 few hours before the birth, and retires alone, or with 

 some women, to the forest for the birth. In a few 

 hours she returns and resumes her ordinary work. 

 138 



Meanwhile the father has taken to hi- hammock, 

 and almtaiiiH from every kind of work, from nn at 

 and all other food except weak gruel of cassava 

 meal, from smoking, from washing himself, and 

 especially from touching weuj>on of every kind. 

 During this time, which may extend for weeks, 

 he is fed arid cared for by the women. The 

 explanation in unattainable ; but the custom ap- 

 pears to imply a mysterious magical and sympa- 

 thetic connection l>etween father and child, such 

 that if the father infringe the rules of couvade 

 the child sutlers. If he eat capybara flesh, the 

 child will have protruding teeth like thoM- of 

 that animal ; if he eat an animal with spotted skin, 

 the child will he spotted too. In Guiana the child 

 is not weaned till the third or fourth year. Indians 

 often allege in explanation that the child descends 

 more directly from father than from mother. Some 

 recent anthropologists find the origin of the custom 

 in the transition from the original matriarchal 

 system (see TRIBE), in which descent and inherit- 

 ance were reckoned through the mother alone, to the 

 patriarchal system. In some places still the father 

 has to buy the child from the mother ; among the 

 ancient Romans, the father had to lift the child 

 from the ground. The couvade may therefore be 

 a ceremony by which the father secures and pro- 

 claims his property in the new-born child. Diodo- 

 rus records the custom as in use among the ancient 

 Corsicans ; and it has been found by ancient and 

 modern travellers in parts of China, Borneo, Africa, 

 North and South America. The name, now com- 

 monly used by anthropologists, is French, being 

 from cotiver, 'to hatch eggs.' See Tylor, Early 

 History of Mankind (1878); Giraud-Teulon, Lea 

 Origines de la Famille ( 1874). 



Covenant ( Lat. convenire, ' to come together ' ), 

 a contract or agreement ; a term much used by 

 theologians, and in its ordinary signification, as 

 well as in ite theological use, nearly if not always 

 exactly equivalent to the Hebrew berith of the 

 Old Testament and the Greek diatheke of the 

 New. Applied to relations established between 

 God and men, the term covenant must be under- 

 stood with a certain modification of the meaning 

 which it bears when employed concerning the rela- 

 tions of men to one another, when two independ- 

 ent parties enter into a covenant, which they have 

 equal right to make or to refuse to make ; and is 

 sometimes employed as equivalent to dispensation, 

 and the Jewish dispensation is called the Old 

 Covenant (or textniin'nt, by another translation 

 of diatheke), in contradistinction to the Christian, 

 which is called the New (see BIBLE). The 'Cove- 

 nant ' or ' Federal ' system of theology was developed 

 by Cocceius (q.v.f. God, in his supremacy, is 

 regarded as appointing certain conditions for his 

 creatures, which they cannot but accept, yet their 

 willing consent to these conditions gives to the 

 relation established the nature of a covenant ; and 

 thus God is commonly said to have made two 

 covenants with man the first covenant, or covenant 

 of works, with Adam, as the representative of the 

 whole human race, promising life (with perfect 

 happiness), upon condition of jK>rfect obedience, 

 whilst death was threatened as the penalty of trans- 

 gression ; the second covenant, or covenant of grace, 

 being that on which depends the whole hope and 

 salvation of man since the first covenant was 

 broken, and in which life is freely offered to sinners, 

 and they are simply required to believe in Jesus 

 Christ that they may be saved. This covenant 

 Cod is regarded as having made with Christ, as 

 the representative of his people, and with them in 

 him. The older theologians often speak of the 

 1-111; mint of redemption between God and Christ, 

 employing the term run-mutt of grace rather to 

 designate the whole dealings of God with men in 



