fllAKJ 



541 



ami a lino of detached i'mi- now defends the city. 

 1 1- older portion is a labyrinth of narrow, dink, and 

 deserted Mnei-, luit contains many line specimcn- 

 of Gothic areliitecture in its churches and other 

 edifices; and -nine liand>onie buildings are also to 

 be seen in tin- more modern Mibnihs. On the 

 \\ awel nick, in tin- midst of the houses, lines the 

 old castle of the Polish kind's, degraded now to a 

 barrack. The neighbouring cat hod nil (13*20-59) is 

 a >jdendid pile, containing the graves of .lolin 

 Sobieski, Poniatowski, Kosciusko, and many more 

 heroes, with Thorwaldsen's statue of Christ. The 

 university was founded in 1364, by CaHitnir the 

 and reconstituted under the Jagellons in 1394. 

 Long the centre of !i-ht for Poland, it had <lecayed 

 umler Jesuit influence, but was reorganised and 

 reopened in 1817, and now is attended by more than 

 800 students. It possesses a library of 150,000 

 volumes, and many MSS. of great value in con- 

 nection with Polish history. Cracow has important 

 fairs, and its trade and manufactures (chemicals, 

 tobacco, beer, agricultural implements, &c.) have 

 of late years greatly revived. Three miles west 

 of the city is a grassy mound, 150 feet high, reared 

 in 1820-23 to the memory of Kosciusko. It is 

 composed of earth taken from all the patriotic 

 battle-fields of Poland. The population has vaiied 

 much at different periods, from 80,000 in the 16th 

 century to 10,000 at the end of the 18th, 49,835 in 

 1869, 66,095 in 1880, and 76,025 in 1890, of whom 

 20,600 were Jews. 



Cracow was founded by Krak, Prince of Poland, 

 from whom it derives its name, about the year 700, 

 became the capital of Poland in 1320, and continued 

 such till 1609, when that honour was transferred to 

 Warsaw. It was taken by the Bohemians in 1039, 

 by the Tartars in 1241, by the Swedes in 1655 and 

 1702, and by the Russians in 1768. On the third 

 partition of Poland, in 1795, it was assigned to 

 Austria. From 1809 to 1815 it formed part of the 

 duchy of Wai-saw. The congress of Vienna estab- 

 lished it as a republic, with a territory of 425 sq. m., 

 and containing about 140,000 inhabitants, under 

 the protectorate of Russia, Prussia, and Austria. 

 Internal dissensions between the nobles and the 

 common people afforded a pretence for interference, 

 and the sympathy shown for the cause of Polish 

 independence was made the ground of the annexa- 

 tion of Cracow to the Austrian dominions (1846). 

 See POLAND. 



Craddock, CHARLES EGBERT, is the pen-name 

 of Miss Mary Noailles Murfree, born near Mnr- 

 freesl>orough, in Texas, about 1851, and early dis- 

 abled by paralysis. She is known as author of In 

 the Tennessee Mountains (1884), Where the Battle 

 ivas Fought (1884), Down the Jlm-inr (1885), The 

 Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains ( 1885), The 

 Despot of Bromsedge Cow ( 1888), and other stories. 



Crag and Tail, a term used to designate a 

 peculiar hill conformation, in which a bold and 

 precipitous front exists on one aspect of a hill, 

 while the opposite is formed of a sloping declivity. 



Castle Rock, Edinburgh. 



Fine examples of this structure occur in and around 

 Edinburgh, where the bold 'crag' faces the west 

 and the ' tail ' slopes towards the east ; as, for 

 example, the Castle rock, precipitous and unap- 

 proachable on every side except to the east. The 



structure owe* ita origin to the juxtaj>oxition of 

 rocks of variable degrees of durability- the harder 

 and more durable rocks having rexixted denudation, 

 and so protected the more readily eroded rockx that 

 occur on the lee side of the former. The crag and 

 tail phenomena of central Scotland and other 

 regions which have been subjected to extreme 

 glaciation (see GLACIAL PKUIOD) ix due to glacial 

 elision and accumulation. The crag face- the 

 direction from which the ice came, and thus by 

 op|M)sing its advance induced excessive eroxion 

 upon the ground immediately in front. A hollow 

 has thus usually been scooped out in thix place, 

 and continued along either side of the obstruction 

 for some little distance. This somewhat crescent- 

 shaped hollow is well seen on the west xide of 

 Edinburgh Castle rock, sweeping round on the 

 north by Princes Street Gardens (the old Nor' 

 Loch ), and on the south by the valley of the 

 Cowgate. The morainic material dragged along 

 underneath the ice accumulated in the rear of the 

 crag, so that the strata in that popition are usually 

 covered to a greater or less depth with boulder- 

 clay, &c. The High Street of Edinburgh is thus 

 built upon morainic materials. 



Craig, JOHN, Scottish Reformer, was born in 

 1512, next year lost his father at Flodden, and was 

 educated at St Andrews. He joined the Domini- 

 cans there, but fell under suspicion of heresy, and 

 after a brief imprisonment (1536) went to Rome. 

 Through Cardinal Pole he gained admission to the 

 Dominican convent of Bologna, where be became 

 the master of novices ; next a copy of Calvin's 

 Institutes fell in his way, and converted him to 

 Protestantism. On 18th August 1559 he was lying 

 in the dungeon of the Inquisition, condemned to 

 suffer next morning at the stake, when Pope Paul 

 IV. died, and the mob broke open the prisons, and 

 set the prisoners at liberty. A bandit lefriended 

 him ; a dog brought him a purse of gold as he was 

 wandering helpless through a forest ; he escaped 

 to Vienna, ana there preached in his friar's habit, 

 one of his hearers being the Archduke Maximilian. 

 Presently the new pope, learning his whereabouts, 

 demanded his surrender ; but Maximilian gave him 

 a safe-conduct, and in 1560 he returned to Scot- 

 land. In 1563 he was appointed coadjutor to Knox, 

 and with him was accused by the Earl of Bedford 

 of having been privy to Rizxio's murder ; in 1567 

 he incurred some censure for proclaiming, iinder 

 strong protest, the banns between Queen Mary 

 and Botliwell ; and in 1572 he was sent to ' illumin- 

 ate the dark places ' in Angus and Aberdeenshire. 

 He came back to Edinburgh in 1579 as a chaplain 

 to James VI., took a leading part in the church's 

 affairs, and hat! a share with Melville in the Second 

 Book of Discipline. He was the author of the 

 ' Confession of Faith ' or first National Covenant, 

 ' subscribed by the king's majesty and his household 

 and sundry others' at Edinburgh, 28th January 

 1580. He withstood the restoration of prelacy ; 

 but his comparative moderation was not seldom 

 displeasing to the 'popes of Edinburgh.' He died 

 12th December 1600. His Short Sittnme of the 

 whole Catechisme ( 1581 ) has been reprinted in 

 facsimile, with a valuable introductory Memoir by 

 T. G. Law(Edin. 1883). 



Craig, THOMAS, writer on feudal law, was born 

 in 1538, either at Craigfintray ( Aterdeenshire) or in 

 Edinburgh. From St Andrews he passed in 1555 

 to the university of Paris, and in 1563 was admitted 

 an advocate at the Scottish liar, being next year 

 appointed justice-depute of Scotland, and in 1573 

 sheriff-depute of Edinburgh. Whilst head of the 

 criminal judicature, he did not neglect the muses, 

 as was evidenced by an epithalamium on Queen 

 Mary's marriage with Darnley and a poem on the 



