546 



CRANE-FLY 



CRANMER 



its foundation in 1877 till 1888. His pictures nearly 

 always deal, in a somewhat decorative and archaic 

 fashion, with subjects of an imaginative nature, 

 such as 'The Riddle of the Sphinx' (1887). He 

 has also produced many very delicate landscape 

 subjects in water-colours; has designed wall-papers; 

 and has published poems, illustrated by himself, 

 Queen's Summer (1891), and The Claims of Decora- 

 tive Art ( 1892). Since 1888 a member of the Royal 

 Society of Painters in Water-colours, he was in 

 1893 appointed art director to the city of Man- 

 chester. 



Crane-fly. See DADDY-LONG-LEGS. 



Crane's-bill. See GERANIUM. 



Cranganore (properly Kodungalur), a town 

 in Cochin state, on one of the openings of the great 

 Cochin backwater, 18 miles N. of Cochin town; 

 pop. about 10,000. It is the traditional scene of St 

 Thomas's labours. The Syrian Christians were 

 established here before the 9th century, and the 

 Jews' settlement was probably still earlier. It was 

 taken from the Portuguese by the Dutch in 1661 ; 

 was seized by Tippoo in 1776, retaken, sold, and 

 destroyed and abandoned by Tippoo in 1789. 



Craniology. See SKULL, ETHNOLOGY. 



Crank, in Machinery, is a lever or arm on a 

 shaft, driven by hand (e.g. a winch-handle), or by 

 a connecting-rod, its object being to convert recip- 

 rocating motion into rotaiy motion. Engine-cranks 

 which convert the to and fro motion of the piston 

 into continuous rotation of crank-shaft are con- 

 nected to the piston-rod end by the connecting-rod. 

 They are, when single, of steel, wrought-iron, or 

 cast-iron, the crank in this case being either a 

 simple arm, enlarged at one end to fit over the 

 shaft, and with a pin at the other end embraced by 

 the rod end (fig. 1 ) ; or else a disc centred on the 

 shaft, with crank-pin as before ( fig. 2 ). This last 

 form is well balanced. When double, as is usual in 

 large engines (fig. 3), they are now often built up 



of steel, the two arms being shrunk on to the shaft, 

 and pin on to them. In two positions during each 

 turn, a connecting-rod exerts no power of rotation. 

 These are when rod A and crank-arms B are par- 

 allel (as in fig. 3 and opposite position ), and are the 

 dead centres ; all the push or pull of the rod only 

 causes pressure on shaft-bearings. To carry the 

 crank over these points either a heavy wheel ( fly- 

 wheel) is attached to the shaft, which stores up 

 energy during other parts of the revolution, and 

 gives it out at these points, or else two or more 

 cranks are so placed on the shaft that when one is 

 on its dead centre, the others are exerting nearly 

 their maximum effort, which is when rod and crank 

 are at right angles. 



Cranmer, THOMAS, Archbishop of Canterbury, 

 was born of a good old family at Aslacton, Not- 

 tinghamshire, 2d July 1489. He learned his 

 grammar of ' a rude parish clerk,' a ' marvellous 

 severe and cruel schoolmaster,' who seems to have 

 permanently cowed his spirit ; still, his father 

 trained him in all manly exercises, so that even 



as primate he feared not to ride the roughest horse, 

 and was ever a keen hunter. By his widowed 

 mother he was sent in 1503 to Jesus College, 

 Cambridge, where in 1510 he obtained a fellowship. 

 He forfeited it by his marriage with ' black Joan ' 

 of the Dolphin tavern, but regained it on her death, 

 in childbed before the year's grace was up ; and 

 taking orders in 1523, proceeded D.D., and became 

 a divinity tutor. During the quarter of a century 

 that he resided at Cambridge he did not greatly 

 distinguish himself ; Erasmus never so much as 

 mentions him; he was just a clever, hard-reading 

 college don. 



But in the summer of 1529 the plague was raging 

 in Cambridge, and Cranmer removed with two 

 pupils to Waltham. Here he met Fox and Gardi- J 

 ner, the king's almoner and secretary ; and their 

 talk turning on the divorce, Cranmer suggested 

 that Heniy might satisfy his conscience of the 

 nullity of his first marriage by an appeal to- 

 the universities of Christendom. The suggestion 

 pleased Henry ; he exclaimed, 'Who is this Dr 

 Cranmer ? I will speak to him. Marry ! I trow 

 he has got the right sow by the ear.' So Cranmer 

 became a counsel in the suit. He was appointed a 

 royal chaplain and archdeacon of Taunton ; was- 

 attached to the household of Anne Boleyn's father 

 (Anne at the time being Henry's paramour); 

 penned a treatise to promulgate his view ; and 

 was sent on two embassies, to Italy in 1530, and 

 to Germany in the middle of 1532. At Rome the 

 pope made him grand penitentiary of England ; 

 at Nuremberg he had married a niece of the Re- 

 former Osiander a marriage uncanonical but not. 

 then illegal when a royal summons reached him 

 to return as War ham's successor in the see of 

 Canterbury. He sent his wife secretly over, and 

 himself following slowly, was consecrated on 30th 

 March 1533, four days after the arrival of the 

 eleven customary bulls from Rome. He took the 

 oath of allegiance to the pope, with a protest that 

 he took it ' for form sake, and with, as was usual, 

 a contradictory oath of allegiance to the king. 



That Henry looked for a pliable judge in Cranmer 

 no man could doubt, least of all Cranmer himself, 

 who in May pronounced Catharine's marriage null 

 and void ab initio, and Anne's, four months earlier, 

 valid ; and who in September stood godfather to 

 Anne's daughter Elizabeth. Itwasthe samethrough- 

 out the entire reign. Cranmer annulled Henry's 

 in arriage with Anne Boley n ( 1 536 ), divorced him from 

 Anne of Cleves (1540), informed him of Catharine 

 Howard's prenurjtial frailty, and strove to coax her 

 into confessing it ( 1541 ). Sometimes he raised a* 

 voice of timid entreaty, on Anne Boleyn's behalf, 

 on Cromwell's; still, if Henry said they were 

 guilty, guilty they needs must be. He did what 

 he dared to oppose the Six Articles ( 1539 ), natur- 

 ally, since by one of them the marriage of priests 

 was rendered felony, punishable with death ; but 

 he failed to stick to his opposition, and sent away 

 his own wife to Germany, whence he did not recall 

 her till 1548. 



A kindly, humane soul, yet he was not ahead of 

 his compeers More, for instance, or Calvin in the 

 matter of religious toleration. We cannot acquit 

 him of complicity in the burning of Frith and 

 Lambert for denying the doctrine of Transubstan- 

 tiation (1533-38), of Friar Forest for upholding 

 the papal supremacy (1538), of two Anabaptists, 

 a man and a woman ( 1538 ), of Joan Bocher for 

 denying Christ's humanity ( 1550 ), and of a Dutch 

 Arian (1551). In the death, however, of Anne 

 Askew (q.v.) he seems to have borne no part ; nor 

 is there one word of truth in Foxe's legend that he 

 coerced Edward VI. into signing the warrant for 

 Joan Bocher's execution. With the dissolution 

 of the monasteries he had little to do ; but he 



