CKANMKIt 



CRA8HAW 



547 



hi'tinvil himself in promoting the translation o. 

 tin- liilil" ( ii. v.) uiitl a servii-t- iMiok, in curtailing tli( 

 numlti-r of holy du\s, in tin- siipprosiun of the cult 

 of St. Thomas of Canterbury, aim in negotiating an 

 i-in-nicon with foreign Keiormers. On the path, 

 iiuli'.-il, towards Protestantism, he was ever in 

 advance, of Henry VIII., though to Henry he 

 surrendered his right of private judgment as com- 

 .. pletely us ever Ultramontane to Pope. Tims, 

 \\ riling in 1540 on the sacraments, he could wind 

 up a thesis with 'This is mine opinion and 

 sentence at this present, which nevertheless I do 

 not temerariously deh'ne, hut remit the judgment 

 thereof wholly unto your majesty.' Henry repaid 

 him with implicit confidence, and twice saved him 

 from the plots of his enemies ( 154&-45). 



On 28th January 1547 Henry died, and Cranmer 

 sang mass of requiem for his soul. He had been 

 slowly drifting into Protestantism ; but now the 

 in i ashing tide swept him onward through all those 

 religious changes by which the mass was converted 

 iiiin u communion changes stereotyped in the 

 Second Player-book of 1552. See ENGLAND 

 (CHURCH OF), PRAYER-BOOK, ARTICLES, HOMILY, 

 CATECHISM. During this as during the preceding 

 reign he meddled little with affairs of state, though 

 he was one of the council of regency. What Tie 

 did do was not too creditable. In gross violation 

 of the canon law he signed Seymour's death- 

 warrant; he had a chief hand in the deposition 

 and imprisonment of Bishops Bonner, Gardiner, 

 and Day ; and won over by the dying boy-king's 

 pleading, he reluctantly subscribed the instrument 

 diverting the succession from Mary to Lady Jane 

 Grey (1553). Herein he was guilty of conscious 

 perjury, yet. the twelve days' reign over, he 

 made no attempt to flee. On the contrary, he was 

 roused to an outburst of indignation, rare with 

 him, by a report that he had offered to restore the 

 mass, had indeed restored it at Canterbury. In 

 the heat of the moment he dashed off a letter, 

 denouncing that report as a lie of the devil, which 

 letter, unrevised, being prematurely circulated, on 

 14th September Cranmer was sent to the Tower, on 

 13th November was arraigned for treason, and, 

 pleading guilty, was condemned to die. If he had 

 been executed on that sentence, little could have 

 been urged against his executioners, but he was 

 reserved to be tried as a heretic, and, perchance, to 

 recant his heresy. In March 1554 he was removed 

 with Ridley and Latimer, to Bocardo, the common 

 gaol at Oxford. He bore himself bravely and dis- 

 creetly in a scholastic disputation, as also upon 

 his trial before the papal commissioner, whose 

 jurisdiction he refused to recognise. In October 

 from the gaol he witnessed Latimer's and Ridley's 

 martyrdom ; in December judgment was pro- 

 nounced against him ; and on 14th February 1556 

 he was formally degraded, stripped of the mock 

 vestments in which they had arrayed him. And 

 now in rapid succession he signed form after form 

 of recantation, seven in all, each more submissive 

 than its predecessor. The last he transcribed on 

 the morning of 21st March, and forthwith they 

 brought him to St Mary's Church. If not before, 

 he learned at least now from the sermon that he 

 must burn ; anyhow, when they looked for him to 

 read his recantation, instead h v e retracted all that 

 'for fear of death' his hand had written contrary 

 to the truth.' With a cheerful countenance he 

 then hastened to the stake, and, fire being put to 

 him, thrust his right hand into the flame, and kept 

 it there, crying : ' This hath offended ! Oh this 

 unworthy hand !' Very soon he was dead. 



Among Cranmer's forty-two writings, the chief 

 of which have been edited by the Rev. H. Jenkvns 

 (4 vols. 1833) and the Rev. J. E. Cox (2 vols. 

 Parker Society, 1844-46), may be noticed his 



prefaces to the Bible ( 1540 ) and the Fint Prayer- 

 book (1549); the Refonnutio Leyum Ecclc 

 carum\\\ revision, happily abortive, of the 

 Canon Law (q.v.) first published in 1571 ; ami A 

 Defence of the True and Catholic Doctrine of the 

 X'H rament (1550). 



See Narratives of the Reformation, edited by J. O. 

 Nichols (Camden Society, 1859), with a sketch of Cran- 

 mer by Kalph Morice, his secretary ; 1-oxe's Art and 

 Monuments; Cooper's Athena Cantabrigitntet (1868); 

 Mr Gairdner's article in the Dictionary of National Bio- 

 (jraphy ( voL xiii. 1888); Strype's Ecclegiattical Memorialt 

 ( 1721 ) ; Shakespeare's Henry V11I. and Tennyson's Qwfn 

 Mary ; and Lives of Cranmer by Strype (1694), Gilpin 

 (1784), Todd (2 vols. 1831, with fine portrait), Le Bas 

 ( 2 vols. 1833 ), Dean Hook, Lives of the A rchoithopt ( vol*. . 

 vi.-vii. 1868), Collette (1887), and Mason (1898). 



CrailllOg, from the Gaelic trann, 'a tree,' a 

 modern term employed to designate a species of 

 lake-dwelling common in Scotland and Ireland, 

 which consisted of an islet wholly or partially built 

 up from the bottom of the loch by masses of 'brush- 

 wood, steadied by piling, and consolidated by stones 

 and gravel, the whole oeing surmounted above the 

 level of the water by a platform of timber, earth 

 and stones, on which were wooden huts, often sur- 

 rounded by palisades for better security. The 

 earliest occurrence of the word in historical docu- 

 ments is in the Register of the Privy-council of 

 Scotland in 1608, when the 'Crannokis of the Ylis' 

 are classed with ' houssis of defence and strong- 

 holds ' to be given up to the king. See LAKE- 

 DWELLINGS. 



Crape, a thin fabric made of silk, which has 

 been tightly twisted, without removing the natural 

 gum with which it is covered when spun by the 

 worm. It is woven as a thin gauze, then boiled 

 to extract the gum, which causes the threads 

 partially to untwist, and thus gives a waved and 

 rough appearance to the fabric. It is usually 

 dyed black, and used for mourning apparel. The 

 nature of the finishing processes in the making 

 of crape is kept secret by European manufacturers. 

 In Japan, crape is manufactured by using alter- 

 nately weft threads twisted in opposite directions, 

 and these are of a much closer twist than ordinary 

 threads. When the piece is woven it is dipped in 

 cold, then in hot, and again in cold water in rapid 

 succession, and afterwards rolled and dried. The 

 effect of these operations on the weft threads pro- 

 duces the crisp surface. Chinese and Japanese 

 crapes are often white, with coloured designs, or 

 in single colours, and used for shawls, scarfs, &c. 



Crashaw, RICHARD (circa 1613-49), an English 

 religious poet, was the son of a clergyman in the 

 English Church, and was born in London about 

 1613. He was educated at the Charterhouse, and 

 at Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship at 

 Peterhouse in 1637. His leanings towards Roman 

 Catholicism prevented him from receiving Anglican 

 orders, and in 1644 he was ejected from his fellow- 

 ship by the parliament for refusing to take the 

 Covenant. He went to Paris, adopted the Roman 

 Catholic faith, and suffered great pecuniary di.-tress, 

 until about 1648, through Cowley's influence, he was 

 introduced to Queen Henrietta Maria, who recom- 

 mended him to certain dignitaries of the church 

 n Italy. He obtained a humble om'ce in the house- 

 hold of Cardinal Palotta, but in April 1649, a few 

 months In-fun- his death, he became sub-canon 

 of the church of Our Lady of Loretto. In 1634 

 Crashaw published a volume of Latin poems, Eni- 

 grammatinn Sacrorum Liber (2d ed. 1670), in which 

 appeared the famous line on the miracle at Cana : 



' A'ympAn pudico Deum vidit et erubuit ' 



(The modest water saw its God and blushed). 



n 1646 appeared his Steps to the Temple ; Sacred 



Poems, with other Delights of the Muses in which 



