CRATIPPUS 



CRAYFISH 



549 



ingenious. Of his twenty-one comedies, nine of 

 which obtained the first prize in tin- public cum 

 petitions, we possess only some fragment*, collected 

 iiv Meineke in his Fragmtitta ''<///,/,/,<//< Grce- 

 r',,,->iiii i Berlin, 1840). There was also a younger 

 CKAII MS, an Athenian contemporary of Plato, 

 win. belonged to the school of the Middle Comedy. 



Cratippus, a Peripatetic philosopher, a native 

 Hi" Miiy Icne, and a contemporary of Cicero, whose 

 son Maiciis he instructed at Athens in 44 B.C. 

 I'ompey visited him after Pharsalia, and Brutus 

 turned aside to Athens to hear him, even while 

 making preparations to meet Octavian and Antony. 

 Nothing that Cratippus wrote has survived. 



Crawford, THOMAS, sculptor, born in New 

 York city in 1814, in 1834 went abroad for his 

 studies, and settled in Home, where he at first 

 worked under the guidance of Thorwaldsen. Many 

 of his earlier groups have found a place in Boston 

 collections; his later works include the fine group 

 known as the Washington monument, in the 

 eamtol park at Richmond, and the bronze figure of 

 Liberty, surmounting the dome of the capitol at 

 Washington. Stricken with blindness in 1856, 

 Crawford died in London, 10th October 1857. 



FRANCIS MARION CRAWFORD, novelist, son of 

 the foregoing, was born in Tuscany, August 2, 

 1853. He had his education at Concord, New 

 Hampshire ; Trinity College, Cambridge ; Karls- 

 ruhe, and Heidelberg. At Rome he devoted him- 

 self to the study of Sanskrit, and during 1879-80 

 was engaged in press work at Allahabad, where he 

 was admitted to the Catholic Church. He was 

 selected by the government committee to write 

 the national ode at the centennial of the Ameri- 

 can Constitution, September 17, 1887. His first 

 novel, Mr Isaacs (1882), was a book of striking 

 and quite unusual merit, securing a new romantic 

 element in certain of the aspects and contrasts of 

 modern oriental life. Among its successors have 

 been Dr Claudius, ami To Leeivard (1883); A 

 Roman Singer, and An American Politician ( 1884) ; 

 Zoroaster (1885); The Story of a Lonely Parish, and 

 ,s'-//v''///c.svrt (1886); Marzios Crucifix, and Paul 

 I'n toff (1887); With the Immortals (1888) ; Sant' 

 llano ( 1889) ; A Cigarette Maker's Romance, Khaled, 

 and The Witch of Prague ( 1891 ) ; Don Orsino 

 (1892); Pietro Ghisleri, Marion Darche, and The 

 Children of the King ( 1893) ; Kathenne Lauderdale, 

 Love in Idleness ( 1894 ) ; The Ralstons ( 1895 ) ; Taqui- 

 sara ( 1896 ) ; Corleone ( 1897 ); Constantinople ( 1898 ), 

 a description of the city ; and Via Crucis ( 1899). 



Crawford, WILLIAM HARRIS, born in Virginia 

 in 1 772, practised law, and was elected to the United 

 States senate in 1807 and 1811. Appointed minister 

 to France in 1813, and secretary of the treasury 

 in 1816, he was a Democratic candidate for the 

 presidency in 1824 ; but none of the candidates 

 securing a majority, the House of Representatives 

 chose John Quincy Adams. Crawford returned 

 to Georgia, where he was thrice elected circuit 

 judge, and died 15th September 1834. 



Crawford and Balcarres, ALEXANDER 

 WILLIAM CRAWFORD LINDSAY, EARL OF, born in 

 1812, was educated at Eton and Cambridge, and 

 succeeded his father in 1869. He gained a high 

 reputation for his works on religion, philosophy, 

 and art ; and his researches into the annals of his 

 own house enabled him in 1848 to prepare the case 

 for his father's ( Lord Balcarres ) claims to the 

 premier earldom of Scotland, as 24th Earl (ere. 

 1398). Besides Lives of the Lindsays ( 1849), and 

 the Earldom of Mar ( 1882 ), he wrote Letters from 

 the Holy Land (1838), Progression by Antagonism 

 (1846), and Sketches of the History of Christian 

 Art ( 1847), by which he is best rememuered. His 

 dominant idea, however, was the formation of a 



perfect library, to which for nearly half a century 

 M devoted great industry and learning; and the 

 library at Haigh Hall, near Wigan, is probably 

 unrivalled among private collections. He died in 

 Florence, 13th December 1SHO; his body, which 

 for over seven months had been missing from the 

 mausoleum at Dunecht, near Aberdeen, was found 

 in a wood close by in July 1882. His son and 

 successor, JAMES LUDOVIC LINDSAY, lxrn in 1847, 

 was elected president of the Royal Astronomical 

 Society in 1878-80, and F.R.S. in 1878, and received 

 the degree of LL.D from Edinburgh University in 

 1882. In 1888 he presented to the nation the 

 admirably equipped observatory at his seat of 

 Dunecht, 12 nmes W. of Aberdeen ; and the ap- 



Earatus, with the magnificent astronomical library, 

 ave been transferred to a new observatory ( 1895) 

 on Blackford Hill, near Edinburgh. 



Crayer, CASPAR DE, a Flemish historical and 

 portrait painter, was born at Antwerp in 1584. He 

 lived first at Brussels, and afterwards at Ghent, 

 where he died in 1669. The churches at Ghent 

 contain many of his paintings, which are also 

 common all over Flanders. 



Crayfish (Astacus, Fr. ecrevisse), a large fresh- 

 water crustacean, in the long-tailed (Macrura) 

 division of the order Decapoda. The body con- 

 sists of two great divisions, the head and thorax 

 protected by a rigid shield, and the abdomen or 

 tail of six separate rings. The integument exhibits 

 the characteristic 

 Arthropod com- 

 bination of lime 

 andChitin(q.v.). 

 There are alto- 

 gether twenty 

 segments and 

 nineteen pairs of 

 appendages, not 

 including the 

 eyes. The sensi- 

 tive antennules 

 and antennae, the 

 six appendages 

 crowded round 

 the mouth, the 

 great claws, the 

 four walking lejjs, 

 the little swim- 

 merets under the 

 tail, and the pair 

 of large terminal 

 paddles make up 

 the series. These 

 appendages, so 

 different in form 

 and function, are 

 all homologous. 



The muscles are well developed for working the 

 tail, the appendages, and the stomach mill. The 

 nervous system consists of brain and ventral chain 

 of ganglia. The eyes are stalked and compound ; 

 the ear-sacs with their fringes of auditory hairs 

 and inclosed foreign particles floating in a gelatin- 

 ous fluid lie at the bases of the antennules, which 

 also bear olfactory bristles. The most remarkable 

 feature in the alimentary system is the gastric mill, 

 a complex masticating apparatus in the fore-gut, 

 the essential mechanism of which consists in the 

 rapid clashing of three teeth one dorsal and two 

 lateral. On the walls of the stomach there are two 

 limy concretions (gastroliths) which store lime 

 preliminary to moulting. There is a large diges- 

 tive gland opening into the small mid-gnt ; the 

 hind-gut is long and straight. The circulatory 

 si/stftn consists of a dorsal heart, whence the blood 

 passes by arteries and capillaries to the body, thence 



Crayfish (Astactufluviatilit). 



