566 



CRICKLADE 



CRIME 



cephalus), which is said to make itself heard 'at a 

 distance of a mile.' Closely allied to the above 

 genus is Myrmecophila, a wingless cricket with 

 extremely strong hind-legs. Only the females are 

 known, and these live parasitically in ants' nests. 

 The Mole Cricket ( Gryllotalpa } belongs to the same 

 family, and is distinguished by the enormous bur- 

 rowing fore-legs, by the large size of the anterior 

 ring of the thorax, and by the absence of an 6vi- 

 positor in the females. The only European species 

 ( G. vulgaris ) is a large and formidable insect, some- 

 times attaining a length of two inches. It is of a 

 grayish-brown colour, with a silken sheen. It bur- 

 rows like a mole in fields and meadows, but is 

 sometimes seen in flight in the evenings. Numerous 

 eggs, inclosed in a cocoon, are laid underground. 

 The larvre are long in becoming adult. The mole 

 cricket often does damage by biting at the roots of 

 vegetable crops. Like the field cricket, however, 

 it feeds very largely on ground insects and the like. 

 A South American and West Indian species (G. 

 didactyla ) damages the sugar-canes. 



Cricklade, a town in Wiltshire, on the Isis or 

 Thames, 7 miles NNW. of Swindon. Enfranchised 

 under Edward I., it returned two members to 

 parliament till its disfranchisement in 1885, the 

 ' borough ' since 1782 having included forty-four 

 parishes and parts of six others, with a population 

 of 51,956. Pop. of town, 1680. 



Crieff, a town of Perthshire, on the Earn's left 

 bank, 26 miles NNE. of Stirling, and 18 W. of 

 Perth by two branch lines opened in 1856-66. It 

 is situated in the midst of exquisite scenery, 

 enjoys a pure dry climate, has a large hydropathic 

 (1867), two old market-crosses, some handsome 

 new churches, and Morison's Academy ( 1859). Its 

 famous cattle fair was transferred about 1770 to 

 Falkirk ; the manufacture of woollens was intro- 

 duced in 1812. Of many seats in the neighbour- 

 hood, Drummond Castle ( 1491 ), Lord Willoughby 

 de Eresby's, is famous for the beauty of its gardens. 

 Pop. ( 1851 ) 3824 ; ( 1881 ) 4469 ; (1891 ) 4901. 



Crillon, Louis DES BALBES DE BERTON DE, 

 surnamed 'Le Brave,' was born at Murs in Pro- 

 vence in 1541. Under Francis of Lorraine, Duke 

 of Guise, then the model of military chivalry, 

 he was trained for war, and, still a boy, covered 

 himself with glory at the siege of Calais, and at 

 the capture of Guines. His heroism was rewarded 

 with a number of church benefices, which he 

 intrusted to the care of learned clerks. He 

 distinguished himself further at Dreux, Jarnac, 

 and Moncontour. Wounded at Lepanto ( 1571 ), he 

 was yet sent to carry the news of the victory to 

 the pope and the French king. His noble heart 

 abhorred the treachery and horrors of St Bartho- 

 lomew, but he took part in the siege of La Rochelle 

 in 1573. Faithful to his king in his struggle with 

 the Catholic League, after his death he gave hearty 

 allegiance to Henry IV. When the peace with 

 Savoy was concluded, Crillon retired to Avignon, 

 and, after the fashion of a true Catholic warrior, 

 ended his days ' in the exercise of piety and pen- 

 ance,' December 2, 1615. A somewhat melodra- 

 matic story is told how once when listening at 

 church to an account of the crucifixion, the old 

 hero, brandishing his sword, cried out : ' Where 

 wert thou, Crillon ? ' 



Crime, in its legal, as opposed to its moral or 

 ethical sense, is an act done In violation of those 

 duties for the breach of which the law has provided 

 that the offender, in addition to repairing, if it be 

 possible, the injury done to the individual, shall 

 make satisfaction to the community. A private 

 wrong, or civil injury, on the other hand, is an 

 infringement on the rights of an individual merely, 

 for which compensation to him is held to be suffi- 



cient. Legal criminality is not a permanent char- 

 acteristic of actions as such, but one decided by 

 considerations of expediency. Without changing 

 its absolute moral character, the same action may, 

 and very often is, criminal in one country or genera- 

 tion, and no crime in another country or generation. 

 It cannot, however, be supposed that the crimin- 

 ality or non -criminality of an action does not 

 exercise an important reflex influence on the moral 

 judgment of the community with respect to the 

 particular action. Malice or evil intention is 

 essential to the character of most crimes, for 

 though there may be an immoral act which it is 

 inexpedient to punish, it can rarely be expedient to 

 punish what is not an immoral act. But it is not 

 necessary that the evil intention shall have had 

 reference to the party injured. If the offender 

 acted in defiance of social duty, a crime has been 

 committed, though not the particular crime in- 

 tended. For example, it is murder if A kill B by 

 mistake for C, unless the killing of C would have 

 been justifiable, or excusable. But the absurd 

 doctrine of versans in illicito, according to which 

 A shooting at his neighbour's poultry, and kill- 

 ing his neighbour, is guilty of murder, is now 

 generally abandoned. The law can take no cog- 

 nisance of a bare intention which has not ripened 

 into any sort of act. How far Attempts (q.v.) 

 are punishable is always a question of difficulty. 

 The general rule seems to be that if such acts 

 can be unequivocally connected with the criminal 

 intention, they are punislmble, though not to 

 the same extent as the completed crime e.g. if 

 the act is one of a series which, if not interrupted, 

 would result in the commission of the crime, 

 even though the accused voluntarily desisted from 

 further attempts. Pupils under seven years of 

 age, and insane persons, as being incapable of 

 design or intention, are regarded in the eye of the 

 law as incapable of crime ; as regards children 

 between seven and fourteen it must be shown that 

 they had capacity to know their act was wrong. In 

 the case of persons under sixteen, otherwise known 

 as juvenile offenders, magistrates have a large dis- 

 cretion to substitute for ordinary punishment con- 

 finement in a reformatory school. The legal defini- 

 tion of insanity is well settled in England and 

 Scotland, but is totally inadequate from the medico- 

 psychological point of view. The law of responsi- 

 bility in drunkenness and delirium tremens also re- 

 quires amendment. Ignorance of law is no defence 

 e.g. a foreigner, killing his opponent in a duel 

 in England, is guilty of murder. In some cases 

 ignorance of fact is important e.g. where bigamy 

 is charged against a woman who had reason to 

 believe her husband dead. The defence of com- 

 pulsion, if completely established in fact, is gener- 

 ally sufficient in law. The subjection of a servant 

 to a master, or of a wife or child to a husband 

 or parent, will be no defence, but in the latter 

 case few juries would convict, except in extra- 

 ordinary circumstances. Magistrates acting bond 

 fide, and soldiers and policemen acting under their 

 officers in the ordinary line of duty, are not liable 

 to a criminal charge. Extreme want is no excuse 

 in law, though it furnishes a ground for an appli 

 cation for mercy, as in cannibalism at sea. 



In the technical language of the law of England, 

 the term offence has a wider signification than crime, 

 the latter including only such of the former as are 

 punishable by Indictment ( q. v. ). Crimes are divided 

 into Misdemeanours (q.v.) and Felonies (q.v.), the 

 latter being a higher species of offence than the 

 former. The Criminal and Judicial Statistics give 

 annual data as to the number of trials and con- 

 victions, as to police, prisons, and prisoners, the 

 number of the criminal classes (29,226 in England 

 and Wales in 1886), &c. See CRIMINAL LAW. 



