CKINO LINK 



CROATIA 



571 



turally the lowest, and probably appeared liwt. 

 With the primitive Crinoids two entirely extim-t 

 - niii-t I >e, associated the Cystoids and Blas- 

 tni.U. Tin- former were sessile or shortly stalked, 

 \\itli oval or globular !><>die.s, ami very limy. The 

 Blastoids had a short Htalk and ovate body, and 

 u. n> also heavily weighted with lime. 



See KruiNoiiKKMATA, STAUFISH, &c.; P. H. Carpenter, 

 < 'h,itl, //>/- r Hearts, xi. ( 184 ), &o. ; De Loriol, Patannto- 

 loyie Frunfaue (Paris, x. 1882-84); H. Ludwig, Aiuit. 

 der Crimnden (Leip. 1877); E. Perrier, La Comatula 

 rotacea ( Archiv. Zool. Exper., iL 1872) ; C. Wachsmuth 

 and F. Springer, Reruion oj Palatocrinnidfa ( Phila. 1879- 

 ST ) ; Zittel, Handbuch der Palfiontoloyie ( 1876-80). 



Crinoline* the name originally given by the 

 French modistes to a fabric of horse-hair ( Fr. crin, 

 'hair'), capable of great stiffness, and employed 

 to distend women's attire. It was applied^ in a 

 general way to those structures of steel wire or 

 hoo|i<, l.y means of which women between 1855 

 and I860 attained enormous dimensions 12, even 

 15 feet in circumference. The fardingale of Queen 

 Elizabeth consisted of a cuirass of whalebone for 

 the upper part of the body, uniting at the waist 

 with an equally stiff fardingale of the same mate- 

 rial, which descended to the feet in the shape of a 

 great drum. The hoop petticoat, differing from the 

 fardingale in being gathered at the waist, was a 

 novelty in 1711 ; by 1744 hoops were so extravagant 

 that a woman occupied the space of six men. An 

 elongated oval form, raised at each side to show the 

 high-heeled shoes, also came into fashion. Dis- 

 carded in private life by about 1796, hoops were 

 still the mode at court until abolished by royal 

 command during the reign of George IV. 



Crinum* a genus of bulbous- rooted amaryllids 

 (sometimes included under Sternbergia), chiefly 

 tropical, and frequently cultivated in hothouses 

 e.g. C. amabile or India, C. scabrum of Brazil, &c. 

 C. capense of South Africa is a tine hardy species, 

 with large, fragrant, rosy-white flowers, remarkable 

 for the depth and slenuerness of their tube. The 

 bulbs of C. asiaticum are powerfully emetic. 



Cripple Creek, a city, capital of Teller county, 

 Colorado, 40 miles by rail N. by W. of Florence. 

 It is a gold-mining centre, and has a stock exchange. 

 Pop. ( 1899 ) 20,000 ; or, within 36 sq. m., 45,000. 



Cris-cross Row. See HORNBOOK. 



Crispi, FRANCESCO, statesman, was born 4th 

 October 1819 at Kibera in Sicily, and was called to 

 the bar in Palermo, but joining in the revolutionary 

 movement of 1848, had to flee to France. He 

 organised the successful movement of 1859-60, and 

 re-entered Sicily with Garibaldi. He has been 

 conspicuous in the history of the restored kingdom 

 of Italy as deputy, president of the chamber, 

 minister, and in 1S87-90, and again in 1894-96, 

 premier. He represented the Left, was strongly anti- 

 clerical, and maintained the alliance with Germany 

 even at the cost of the alienation of France. In 

 1895 strenuous efforts were made by his enemies to 

 discredit him by connecting him with a series of 

 bank scandals. See Life by AY. J. Stillman (1899). 



Crispin, saint and martyr, about the middle of 

 the 3d century, under the reign of Diocletian, fled, 

 along with his brother Crispian, from Rome into 

 Gaul, where he worked as a shoemaker in the 

 town which is now called Soissons, and dis- 

 tinguished himself by his exertions for the spread 

 of Christianity, as well as by his works of charity. 

 In A.D. 287 he and his brother suffered martyrdom 

 by being thrown into a caldron of molten lead. 

 Both are commemorated on the 25th October. 

 Crispin is the universally recognised patron saint of 

 shoemakers. 



4'risio Tori, or CRISTOFALI, BARTOLOMMEO, 

 harpsichord-maker, was born at Padua in 1653, and 



died at Florence in 1731. He i* regarded aa the 

 inventor of the pianoforte. 

 Critchett, GKOKCK, ophthalmic surgeon, bora 



in I. MI,. l<.ii in 1817, became K.K.C.S. in 1844, and 

 was assistant-surgeon and ( 1861-63) surgeon to the 

 London Hospital. He early devoted his attention 

 to ophthalmology, and was attached to the hospi- 

 tal at Moortields from 1846 ; in 1854 he published 

 a course of lectures on Diseases of the Eye, and 

 from 1876 he was ophthalmic surgeon and lecturer 

 at the Middlesex Hospital, where his operations 

 acquired a European fame. He died 1st November 

 1882. 



Critias, one of the pupils of Socrates, but un- 

 fortunately one who was rather a hearer than a 

 doer of his word. On his return to Athens from 

 banishment, he put himself at the head of the 

 oligarchical party, and was afterwards the most 

 rapacious and cruel among the thirty tyrant* set 

 up by the Spartans (404 B.C.). In the same year 

 he fell at Munychia, resisting Tbrasybulus and* the 

 exiles. Critias had a high reputation as an orator, 

 and besides wrote poetry. 



Critical Temperature is that temperature 

 below which a substance may, and above which it 

 cannot, be liquefied by pressure alone. This tem- 

 perature for carbonic acid gas, for example, is 

 30 '9 C. i.e. below that temperature, the liquefac- 

 tion of the substance may be easily effected if 

 sufficient pressure be applied ; but above it the 

 substance cannot be liquefied, no matter how great 

 be the pressure to which it is subjected. The dis- 

 covery of the critical temperature by Dr Andrews 

 in 1869 first gave the means of distinguishing 

 between a true gas and a true vapour ; for the 

 former is a substance above, the latter one below, 

 its critical temperature. When any substance is at 

 this temperature it is in the critical state i.e. its 

 passage from liquid to gas, or vice versa, is one in 

 which the two parts, liquid and gaseous, so merge 

 into one another as to render them optically indis- 

 tinguishable. The critical temperatures of oxygen, 

 hydrogen, and nitrogen (formerly termed 'perman- 

 ent' gases) are all extremely low, and hence lique- 

 faction can only be effected ( as it has already been ) 

 by the application of intense cold as well as 

 considerable pressure. On the other hand, such 

 vaporous bodies as sulphurous anhydride, alcohol 

 vapour, ether vapour, &c. can, provided the pres- 

 sure be sufficiently great, be liquefied at ordinary 

 air temperatures, since these are much below their 

 critical temperatures. See GAS AND GASES, VA- 

 POUR, and (under Matter) STATES OF MATTER. 



Croaghpatriek, a celebrated Irish mountain 

 where St Patrick is said to have beg^in his mis- 

 sionary work. It stands about 4 miles SW. of 

 Westport, in the south of County Mayo, and is 

 2510 feet high. 



Croatia and Slavonia (Hung. Horvdt- 

 Szlavpnorszdg) form, together with their former 

 ' Military Frontier,' a crown-land belonging to the 

 Hungarian section of Austria (q.v. ), lying be- 

 tween the Adriatic Sea on the SW., where 

 Croatia has a seaboard of about 84 miles, and 

 Hungary on the NE. Area, 16,352 sq. m., of 

 which 5246 is Croatian, 3707 Slavonian, and 7399 

 belongs to the district of the military frontier. 

 Pop. (1881) 1,892,499, Croatia having 816,802, 

 Slavonia 377,613, and the former Frontier 698,084 

 inhabitants ; in 1890 the total population had in- 

 creased to 2, 184,414. The surface of Croatia falls 

 mainly into the wooded mountain district to the 

 north of the Kulpa, with offshoots from the sooth- 

 east Alps, and a calcareous plateau, belonging to 

 the Karst region, to the south. To the Alpine 

 system belong the Matzel, Ivincica, and Kainik 

 groups in the north ; to the Karst system belong 



