CROZET ISLANDS 



691 



Association. Addington Park, :U miles KSK., has 

 since 1807 In-en tin- summer seat of the arohUfWOM, 

 Addi-coiulie House, at onetime the residence of the 

 lii -t K.-u I ui Liverpool, was con verteil in 1812 into the 

 East India Military College, Init was pulled down 

 in 18t>.'{. Tin- line old Perpendicular pariah church 

 \\;i^ destroyd hy fire in January 1887, with the 

 exception of the tower, but was rebuilt by Sir 

 Gilbert Scott, and retains the monument of Arch- 

 bishop Sheldon, with fragments of that of Arch- 

 bishop Griinlul. That of Archbishop Whitgift was 

 restored in 1888 at a cost of 600. WUtffift'l 

 Hospital ( 1590) is a red brick pile, restored in 1860; 

 his grammar-school now occupies buildings of 1871, 

 besides a largo Whit/gift middle school. A new 

 ti'\vii hull, with law-courts and free library, was 

 opened by the Prince of Wales in May 1896. Croy- 

 dini was one of the first towns to grapple effectually 

 with the economical disposal of town-sewage. A 

 system of dis|>osing of sewage by irrigation was in- 

 augurated in 18")8, and the corporation now possess 

 two sewage farms, comprising 680 acres. In 1868new 

 water- works were completed, the water, which is of 

 great purity, being obtained from an artesian well, 

 yielding nearly 3,000,000 gallons per diem ; and a 

 further supply of 2,000,000 gallons per diem was 

 introduced in 1888 at a cost of 50,000. The death- 

 rate in 1848, the year before the adoption of the 

 Public Health Act, was 28'16 ; in 1887 it M-as 14'71. 

 There are thirteen railway stations. Till the 18th 

 century Croydon was famous for its ' colliers ' or 

 charcoal-burners ; now its chief specialty is the 

 manufacture of church clocks and carillons. It 

 was made a municipal borough in 1883, a parlia- 

 mentary one in 1885, and a county borough in 1888. 

 Pop. ( 1851 ) 10,260 ; ( 1881 ) 78,953 ; ( 1891 ) 102,697. 

 See J. C. Anderson's Short Chronicle ( 1882). 



Crozet Islands, a group to the south of the 

 Indian Ocean, almost on a line between the Cape 

 of Good Hope and Kerguelen's Land, in lat. 46 S., 

 and long. 52" E. Except four or five, they are mere 

 rocks, and are all uninhabited, though shipwrecked 

 sailors have lived for a time on them. They were 

 visited by the Challenger expedition in 1873-74. 

 Crozier. See CROSIER. 



Crucian (Carassius vulgaris), a fresh-water 

 fish, nearly related to the carp, from which it 

 differs in the absence of barbules, in the single- 

 rowed arrangement of the pharyngeal teeth, and in 

 a few other minor points. It is found in numerous 

 varieties in rivers, ponds, and lakes in Europe and 

 Asia ; and is sometimes, though rarely, caught in 

 the Thames. The food chiefly consists of dead 

 vegetable and animal matter. The Mesh is less 

 esteemed than that of carp. The fish spawn in 

 May or June, and then assemble in great numbers. 

 See CARP. 



Crucibles ( Low Lat. crucibulum ; from the 

 root of Old Fr. cruche, ' a pot ' ) are vessels made of 

 materials capable of being exposed 

 to high temperatures without altera- 

 tion, and used for fusing substances 

 together, such as the materials for 

 glass-making, or metallic ores, with 

 various fluxes to obtain the several 

 metals they yield. Crucibles should 

 resist the corrosive action of the 

 substances brought into contact 

 with them, and are generally made 

 of fireclay, porcelain, graphite, iron, 

 platinum, and, for some special operations, of 

 silver. See ASSAYING. 



Cruci'ferae (Lat., 'cross-bearing.' from the X- 

 wise position of the four petals), an important order 

 of thalamifloral dicotyledons, including about 1200 

 known species, mostly paltearctic, and specially 

 abundant in Europe, 10 order is indued more 



Crucible. 



familiar or more widely represented ; the Mustard, 

 Shepherd's Purse, &c., are among the commonest 

 weeda of cultivation, while the Turnip and Cab- 

 bage, the Radish and Cress, &c., are no lem 

 familiar and widespread in usefulness. AH wild 

 flowers, they are mostly inconspicuous, but the 

 pretty Cuckoo-flower or Lady's Smock (Carda- 

 mine pratenns), and not a few others, might be 

 mentioned as contributing some characteristic 

 feature to marsh or cliff or copse ; while a large 

 ii u n i her of genera are of the greatest value to tfie 

 florist, for whom the exuberant masses of Iberis, 

 Alyssum, Arabis, and Aubrietia are among the 

 most admired resources of the rock-garden. Besides 

 the Stocks and Wallflowers, &c., tne old-fashioned 

 Honesty and Gillyflower are among the most 

 familiar inmates of every cottage-garden. The 

 general character of the order is antiscorbutic and 

 stimulating, with more or less acridity ; the familiar 

 flavour being due to the presence of a characteristic 

 ethereal oil. Striking examples of these properties 

 are given by the Scurvy-grass of our shores, so 

 important to mariners in the days of long voyages 

 and salt provisions ; or more familiarly by the 

 Common Water-cress ; while a wide range of varia- 

 tion of flavour is presented by the flesh, rind, and 

 leaves of the Common Turnip, especially in different 

 varieties, soils, and seasons. A fixed oil is largely 

 present in the seeds (see RAPE, COLZA), and the 

 Woad Plant ( Isatis, see WOAD) has been used from 

 the earliest times as a source of indigo. The order 

 was conveniently subdivided by Linna-us by the 

 nature of its fruit as long and short podded ( Sili- 

 quosje and Siliculosfe ), while later systematists 

 have derived important characters from the mode 

 of folding of the cotyledons within the seed. See 

 Engler's Pflanzenfamilien, or other systematic 

 work, and separate articles e.g. CABBAGE, &c. 



Crucifix (Lat. crux, 'the cross,' and figo, 'I 

 fix ' ), a cross with the effigy of Christ fixed to it. 

 The principal crucifix in Catholic churches stands 

 in the centre of 

 the high-altar. 

 It overtops the 

 tapers, and is only 



stantine, but it was never publicly acknowledged 

 by the Greek Church, and diu not come into general 

 use in the East till towards the end of the 8th 

 century. It was not till the Carlovingian age that 

 it became general in the Latin Church. On the 

 earlier crucifixes, Christ is represented as alive, 

 with open eyes, and generally clad, and fastened 

 with four nails. On later ones he is represented 

 as dead, naked, except for a cloth round the loins, 

 and fastened with three nails i.e. the two feet 

 pierced by a single nail. See CROSS. 



Crnden, ALEXANDER, born at Aberdeen, 31st 

 May 1701, from the grammar-school passed to 



