602 



CRYSTALLOID 



CTESIAS 



ture of the different belts would be different, thus 

 showing that heat is propagated in two directions 

 at right angles to each other with different veloci- 

 ties. With other systems more complex results 

 would be obtained owing to heat being propagated 

 in three directions with different velocities. 



When soluble crystals are placed in a solvent 

 the faces are eaten out differently, producing 

 figures termed by German writers ' aetzfiguren. ' 

 These figures will often indicate the symmetry of 

 the crystal, and have been useful in such deter- 

 mination. As physical properties generally are 

 related to elasticity, Groth states that the best 

 way to define a crystal is that it is a solid body, 

 the elasticity of which is the same in all parallel 

 directions, but on the contrary is different in dif- 

 ferent directions. 



See A Tract on Crystallography, by W. H. Miller 

 (Deighton, 1863); A Treatise on Crystallography, by 

 W. H. Miller (1839) ; Introduction to Mineralogy, by 

 William Phillips (ed. by Brooke and Miller, 1852); 

 Crystallography, by H. P. Gurney (S.P.C.K.); A Guide to 

 the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum, by L. Fletcher ; 

 N. S. Story Maskelyne, Crystalloyraphy ( Oxford, Claren- 

 don Press, 1895); "W. J. Lewis, A Treatise on Crystal- 

 lography (1899). In most treatises on mineralogy a 

 portion of the work is devoted to crystallography. 



Crystalloid is a name given by Graham to a 

 class of substances which when in solution pass 

 easily through membranes ; as opposed to colloids. 

 Metallic salts, sugar, oxalic acid, are crystalloids. 

 See DIFFUSION, OSMOSE. 



Crystallomancy, a mode of divination by 

 means of transparent bodies, at one time very 

 popular. A precious stone, crystal globe, or other 

 transparent object was employed, but a Beryl 

 (q.v.) was deemed most effective. In using it, 

 the operator first muttered over it certain formulas 

 of prayer, and then gave it into the hands of a 

 youth or virgin none others were pure enough to 

 discern its revelations who beheld in it the infor- 

 mation required. Sometimes the wished-for know- 

 ledge was conveyed by means of written characters 

 on the crystal ; sometimes the spirits invoked 

 appeared in the crystal to answer the questions 

 asked. Dr Dee was a great adept at Crystallo- 

 mancy, and two of his magic mirrors cannel coal 

 and smoky quartz, polished are now in the British 

 Museum. Even in the middle of the 19th century 

 Lady Blessington's 'magic crystal' was in great 

 repute in the upper circles of London ; it figured in 

 the libel case of Captain Morrison, R.N. ('Zad- 

 kiel'), v. Sir Edward Belcher (1863). 



Crystal Palace. See SYDENHAM. 



Csaba, a town of Hungary, 7 miles S. of Bekes 

 by rail. It has a trade in grain, flour, wine, hemp, 

 and cattle. Pop. (1890) 34,243. 



Csaiiad, a village in Hungary (pop. 3000), on 

 the Maros, 22 miles E. of Szegedin. 



Csardas. See CZARDASCH. 



Csoma de Koros, ALEXANDER, a Hungarian 

 traveller and philologist, born 4th April 1784 in the 

 Transylvanian village of Koros, was educated first 

 at the college of Nagy-Enyed, and subsequently at 

 Gottingen, where Eichhorn the Orientalist inspired 

 him with a passion for philology. In 1819 he 

 studied Slavonic in Croatia with his customary 

 ardour, and next year started on his pilgrimage to 

 Central Asia, finding his way in Asiatic dress with 

 the most indomitable perseverance by Bagdad and 

 Teheran to Bokhara, thence by Kabul and Lahore 

 to Cashmere and Tibet. He soon began to devote 

 himself to a study of the Tibetan language under 

 the patronage of the English government. Early 

 m 1827 he started on his third journey thither, and 

 remained in the country for three years, completely 

 absorbed in study, and indifferent to the extreme 



cold of winter and to privation of eveiy kind. 

 Early in 1831 he arrived at Calcutta, where he 

 completed his Tibetan grammar arid dictionary. 

 He was appointed librarian to the Asiatic Society, 

 but no comforts could wean him from his love for 

 travel. In January 1836 he started on another 

 journey to Tibet, but died of fever six days after 

 arriving at Darjeeling in Sikkim, 30th March 

 1836, a veritable martyr to science. His Life was 

 written by Dr Theodore Duka (1885), who disposed 

 of the assertion so often made, that the traveller's 

 zeal, at least after the years of mere boyhood, was 

 due to a devout imagination that somewhere in the 

 heart of Asia it was possible still to discover the 

 original home of the Magyar race. 



Csoilgrad, a town of Hungary, at the conflu- 

 ence of the Theiss and the Koros, 75 miles SE. of 

 Pesth. The inhabitants, 17,837 in number, are 

 chiefly engaged in the rearing of cattle, fishing, 

 making of wine and soap. 



Ctenoid Scales (literally, 'comb-like'). See 

 SCALES. 



Cteno'pliora ( literally, 'comb-bearers'), a sub- 

 class of Ccelenterates ( q.v. ), representing the climax 

 of activity in that series of animals. The Common 

 Berb'e and Pleurobrachia are good types. Vemis' 

 Girdle (Cesium veneris) is a well-known aberrant 

 form, which has been elongated sideways to a yard 

 or more in length. They are beautifully delicate, 

 free-swimming marine organisms, generally globu- 

 lar in form, moving by means of comb-like plates. 

 These are composed of numerous agglutinated cilia, 

 and disposed along eight meridional rows. The 

 mouth is at one pole of the sphere, two excretory 

 or anal apertures lie at the other, which also 

 exhibits a sense organ and a probable steering 

 mechanism usually known as the 'otolith.' There 

 are numerous alimentary vessels regularly disposed 

 in relation to the main central cavity. In most 



Ctenophore, with streaming tentacles. 



cases there are two retractile tentacles ; the sting- 

 ing cells so characteristic of Co3lenterates are 

 usually modified into 'adhesive cells.' The Cteno- 

 phores are hermaphrodite, carnivorous in diet, ex- 

 tremely active in habit, and often phosphorescent. 

 They are connected with the veiled (Craspedote) 

 rnedusoids by the transitional genus Ctenaria, a 

 medusoid which in some ways looks like a Cteno- 

 phore in the making. Some would place them 

 along with Hydromedusse rather than allow them 

 the rank of a distinct sub-class. Lang has sug- 

 gested the derivation of some of the lower worm- 

 types from Ctenophora, but other authorities do 

 not regard such a connection as at all probable. 

 See BEROE, CCELENTERATA. 



CtesiaS, a Greek historian of Persia, was 

 private physician of Artaxerxes Mnemon, and 

 accompanied him in the expedition to crush the 

 revolt of his brother Cyrus, 401 B.C. His Persika 

 was a history of Persia in twenty-three books, 

 written in the Ionic dialect, but unhappily only 

 a meagre fragment can be recovered in an abridg- 

 ment in Photius, and in some portions preserved 

 by Diodorus and other writers. The first six books 



