CUDBEAR 



CUDWOUTII 



607 



mouth. There the cud is leisurely chewed, ami 

 tin- srmilliiid result passes down again int<> ih<- 

 stomach, usually into the inanyplie. One Imlus 

 isdrixen upwards after another until the greater 

 part of t lit- cropped herbage has been chewed. See 



ft \IIN \NT8. 



Cudbear. The lichens from which, and the 



process by which, tliis dyestuif is obtained, are 

 described under the head ARCHIL, cudl>ear being 

 simply archil paste dried and ground. It is very 

 usetu! tn tin- wool-dyer for producing, in con- 

 junction with indigo, logwood, fustic, and other 

 colouring materials, ricn shades of brown and 

 chocolate. The preparation of archil, known as 

 l-'i .'Mcli purple, was used for a short time in calico- 

 priuting, and produced line and delicate shades of 

 purple, but its employment for this purpose ceased 

 .-(mi after the introduction of aniline mauve as a 

 dyestuff. The ancient Cretan purple was probably 

 obtained from the same source as archil. The name 

 cudbear is a corruption of Cutkbert, and is derived 

 from that of Dr Cuthbert Gordon, under whose 

 management the manufacture of this dyestuff was 

 ln'gun in Lcith about the year 1777, by Mr 

 Macintosh of Glasgow. 



Cnddalore (Kudalur or Gudulur), the chief 

 town in South Arcot, Madras, on the Coromandel 

 or east coast of Hindustan. It is situated on a 

 backwater formed by the confluent estuaries of 

 two rivers, 16 miles S. of Pondicherry, and 127 

 S. of Madras by rail. It has a large trade by 

 land with Madras In oils, indigo, and sugar, and 

 exports gram by sea. Though the river itself is 

 silted up, and admits only native craft, yet there is 

 good anchorage off-shore at the distance of a mile 

 and a half. Cuddalore was at one time a place 

 of great strength ; and in that respect it was 

 frequently an object of contention in the wars 

 which, during the later half of the 18th century, 

 so long desolated this neighbourhood. In 1758 it 

 was taken by the French from the British, who 

 had held it for 77 years ; and was finally ceded to 

 the British in 1785. Pop. (1891 ) 47,355. 



Cuddapall, a town in the province, and 161 

 miles NVV. by rail of the city, of Madras. It stands, 

 at the height of 507 feet above the sea, near the 

 south bank of the northern Pennar, which flows 

 into the Bay of Bengal. Till 1868 it was a military 

 cantonment. Pop. (1891) 19,120. The district of 

 Cuddapah, partly lowland and partly highland, 

 has an area of 8746 ^\. in., and a pop. (1891) of 

 1,272,072. It has been British since 1800. 



Cllddesden, a village of Oxfordshire, 6 miles 

 ESE. of Oxford. Here is the palace of the bishops 

 of Oxford, rebuilt by Bishop Fell in 1679, with a 

 chapel added in 1846 by Bishop Wilberforce, to 

 whom the adjoining theological college (1854) also 

 owes its existence. The church is a line old cruci- 

 form building. 



Cuddy was the name first applied in East India 

 trading ships to a cabin under the poop, where the 

 men messed and slept. The same name was after- 

 wards given to the only cabin in very small vessels, 

 and sometimes to the cooking-room. 



Cudweed, the popular name of many small 

 inconspicuous species of composite weeds of the 

 genera Gnaphalium, Filago, and Antennaria, the 

 stems and leaves of which are more or less covered 

 with a whitish cottony down. The heads of the 

 flowers consist, in great part, of dry involucral 

 scales, and may be Kept for a long time without 

 undergoing much apparent change, so that they 

 may be reckoned among Everlasting Flowers 

 (q.v.). Anteiinnrin dioica (also called Cat's-foot) 

 is very frequent in dry mountain-pastures. All the 

 three genera are represented in tne United States, 



where Giutphaliwn polycephalum has some repute 

 in domestic medicine. 



Old worth, KM.I-II, the chief figure in the 

 group of ' < 'amhridge 1'latonistn,' wan horn in 1617 

 at Aller, in Somei -et.-hire, and admitted twiiHioner 

 of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1032. He 

 graduated B.A. in 1635 and M.A. in 1639, and was 

 in the same year elected fellow of hi- college, 

 where he became a popular tutor. In 1645 he wan 

 appointed by parliament Master of Clare Hall, and 

 in the same year regius professor of Hebrew. In 

 1650 he was presented to the college living of 

 North Cadbury, in Somersetshire, and in 1654 was 

 elected Master of Christ's College, an appointment 

 the confirmation of which at tlie Restoration hia 

 acquiescence with the rule of the Common wealth 

 did not prevent. In 1662 he was presented by 

 Archbishop Sheldon to the rectory of Ashwelf, 

 Hertfordshire; and in 1678 he was installed pre- 

 bendary of Gloucester. He died at Christ's College, 

 July 26, 1688. His daughter Damaris, who became 

 the second wife of Sir Francis Matcham of Oates, in 

 Essex, was a friend of Locke, and herself wrote a 

 well-reasoned Discourse concerning the Love of God 

 (1696). 



Cudworth's great work, entitled The True Intel- 

 lectual System of the Universe, was published in 1678. 

 It is a learned, ample, and discursive work, singu- 

 larly large-minded and sagacious ; but its logical 

 consistency as a consecutive argument is somewhat 

 marred oy discussions on such subjects as the true 

 meaning of the pagan mythology, and the relation 

 of the Platonic and Christian trinities. Its aim was 

 to establish the reality of a supreme divine Intelli- 

 gence against the materialism of Democritus and 

 Epicurus, the 'atheism of atomicisin;' to vindicate 

 the eternal reality of moral ideas against the old 

 nominalists and their successors ; and to prove the 

 reality of moral freedom and responsibility in man 

 as against pantheistic naturism and stoicism. The 

 only basis for a philosophy of religion rests on the 

 conception of man as a free moral subject, capable 

 of choosing good or evil. The portentous erudition 

 of this famous treatise, and the redundant fullness 

 of its endless digressions, with its strange Alex- 

 andrian amalgamation of fancy and speculation, 

 have tended to obscure its real merits. Perhaps 

 its most honourable distinction is the marvel- 

 lously honest and impartial statement of the 

 best arguments of his antagonists, which, indeed, 

 laid him open to the charge of having fallen into 

 the same lieresy with Milton and with Clarke, 

 and even into atheism, simply for being just to 

 the arguments of atheistic 'writers. ' He has 

 raised,' says Dryden, 'such strong objections 

 against the being of a God and Providence that 

 many think he has not answered them' 'the 

 common fate,' adds Shaftesbury, 'of those who 

 dare to appear fair authors.' 



Cudworth's admirable sermon, preached before 

 the House of Commons in 1647, shows the best 

 features of that much-abused Latitudinarian school 

 to which he belonged, and, says Mackintosh, 'may 

 be compared even to Taylor (Liberty of Prophesy- 

 ing, published the same year) in charity, piety, 

 and the most liberal toleration.' In its insistence 

 upon the co-ordinate relativity of all knowledge, 

 and the connection of religion with life and 

 morality, the author lays down a sound basis for 

 a harmony between philosophy and religion, be- 

 tween reason and faith. Many of Cudworth's 

 MSS. still lie imprinted. His 1'reatise concerning 

 Eternal and Immutable Morality was published 

 in IT.'ll, and is a contribution of real value to ethics. 

 See Tulloch's Rational Theology in England in 

 the XVII. C'entiiri/ ( 1872), Dr Martineau's Types of 

 Ethical Theory ( 1885), and monographs by Lowrey 

 (New York, 1884) and W. R. Scott (1891). 



