608 



CUENCA 



CULDEES 



Cuenca. a picturesque decayed city of Spain, 

 85 miles ESE. of Madrid. It stands on a rocky 

 hill-girt eminence, 2960 feet above the sea-level, 

 at the confluence of the Jucar and Huecar the 

 latter spanned by the noble bridge of San Pablo 

 (1523), 150 feet high and 350 long. Of Moorish 

 origin, Cuenca ha.s narrow, crooked streets, and a 

 very interesting cathedral (1177-1669 ). Pop. 7549. 

 Cuenca gives name to a mountainous, .well- 

 watered province, yielding excellent timber, honey, 

 wine, and grain, with good pasture, and various 

 minerals, including iron, coal, copper, and silver. 

 Area, 6726 miles. Pop. 242,460. 



Cuenca, a city of Ecuador, on the Rio Paute, 

 190 miles SSW. or Quito, stands on a fertile table- 

 land, 8469 feet above the sea, and enjoys a per- 

 petual spring, with a mean temperature of 58 F. 

 Its streets are wide, and several canals intersect 

 the town ; the principal buildings are the cathedral 

 and high school. There is some trade in cheese 

 and grain, and manufactures of hats, woollens, 

 earthenware, and candied fruits. Pop. (including 

 the Ejido, or Indian quarter) 30,000. 



ClieriiaVeica, capital of the Mexican state 

 Morelos, lies in a lovely and fruitful valley, about 

 40 miles S. of Mexico city. It has a church built 

 by Cortes, an agricultural school, and refineries of 

 sugar and brandy. Pop. 17,000. Near by is the 

 famed teocalli of Xochicalco, with five terraces. 



Cuevas de Vera, a town in the Spanish 

 province of Almeria, situated on the Almanzora. 

 It has an old Moorish castle, and a considerable 

 industry in connection with the silver-mines of the 

 neighbouring Sierra Almagrera. Pop. 20,644. 



Cufic. See KUFIC. 



Clli Bono ? ( ' for whose advantage ? ' ), a Latin 

 phrase not infrequent in Cicero and elsewhere, and 

 very common in modern newspaper English, usually 

 in a somewhat erroneous sense, as if equivalent in 

 meaning to ' what 's the good ? ' 



Cuirass. See BREASTPLATE, ARMOUR. 



Cuirassiers are heavy cavalry wearing the 

 ' cuirass ' and helmet. They represent the troopers 

 of the 16th and 17th centuries, who were similarly 

 protected. In the British army no regiments are 

 officially styled cuirassiers, but the two regiments 

 of Life Guards and the Royal Horse Guards were 

 given steel cuirasses in 1821, which, however, they 

 do not wear on active service. The price of one 

 is 3, 6s. See GUARDS. There are twelve cuir- 

 assier regiments in the German army, the cuirass 

 being of white metal with a brass plate. The 

 French have also twelve regiments of cuirassiers, 

 having steel cuirasses with a brass plate. Russia 

 has four regiments of cuirassiers, whose cuirass 

 of iron, with a thin layer of copper, weighs 30 

 Ib. From 13 J to 16 Ib. is the weight of those of 

 other armies. Napoleon III. at one time main- 

 tained a bodyguard of cuirassiers, called 'Cent- 

 gardes,' who wore cuirasses of aluminium, much 

 lighter than steel ones, but, like them, not proof 

 against a rifle-bullet striking them directly. 



CujaciUS, properly JACQUES DE CUJAS or 

 CUJAUS, jurist, born in 1522, was the son of a 

 tanner of Toulouse. After studying law, he lec- 

 tured on the Institutes at Cahors, Bourges, and 

 Valence ( 1554-67 ) ; lived at Turin and Grenoble ; 

 and after repeated changes, finally settled in 1577 

 as professor at Bourges, where he resided till his 

 death, October 4, 1590. His great reputation as a 

 jurist was founded on a lucid exposition of Roman 

 law, based on conscientious study of the original 

 authorities. He had in his library 500 MSS. on 

 Roman law, and by his emendations contributed 

 greatly to remove the obscurities of jurisprudence. 

 A complete collection of his works was edited by 



Fabrot ( 10 vols. Paris, 1658 ), and frequently re- 

 published. See Spangenberg's Cujacius ( 1822). 



4 'ill hi n Sands. See DRIFT. 



Culdees. or KELDEES ( Celt. Ceile De, ' a com- 

 panion of God ; ' Lat. Colidei, Culdei, Calledei, 

 Keldei, Keledei), the name given to an ancient 

 order of ecclesiastics with monasteries in Scotland 

 and Ireland, those in the former country being 

 best known. In England and Wales only two 

 instances of their occurrence seem to be authenti- 

 cated the first, where the canons of St Peter's at 

 York were called Culdees in the reign of Athel- 

 stan (924-31), and the second, where Giraldus 

 Cambrensis, writing about 1190, describes the 

 island of Bordsey on the coast of Carnarvon as 

 inhabited by ' most devout monks called celibates 

 or Culdees. ' 



The origin and early history of these bodies is 

 involved in almost hopeless obscurity. The name 

 is not mentioned in the works of Adamnan, Eddi, 

 or Bede, and makes its first appearance only about 

 the 8th century. The conclusion at which Dr 

 Skene arrives is ' that the Culdees originally 

 sprang from that ascetic order who adopted a 

 solitary service of God in an isolated cell as the 

 highest form of religious life, and who were termed 

 DeicolcB ; that they then became associated in 

 communities of anchorites or hermits ; that they 

 were clerics, and might be called monks, but only 

 in the sense that anchorites were monks ; that 

 they made their appearance in the eastern districts 

 of Scotland at the same time as the secular clergy 

 were introduced, and succeeded the Columban 

 monks, who had been driven across the great 

 mountain-range of Drumalban, the western fron- 

 tier of the Pictish kingdom ; and that they were 

 finally brought under the canonical rule along 

 with the secular clergy. ' 



When the Culdees appear clearly in history in 

 the 12th century each monastery was evidently an 

 independent community, connected with the others 

 by no ties whatever, and owning no control except 

 that of its own abbot, in this and other respects 

 resembling the secular canons or monastic 'families' 

 of England, Ireland, and the Continent in the llth 

 century. The monasteries seem indeed to have 

 undergone a similar secularising process to that 

 which took place in the Northumbrian Church 

 after the withdrawal of the Columban clergy, 

 when, according to Bede, false monks, under pre- 

 text of founding monasteries, purchased for them- 

 selves territories, and caused ' these to be assigned 

 to them by royal edicts for an hereditary posses- 

 sion.' There seem to have been at this period two 

 sections in each community, one still performing 

 divine service .and other religious duties per- 

 taining properly to the body ; while the other bad 

 become thoroughly lay, and so free from monastic 

 discipline as to marry. Indeed, if a tradition of 

 the 16th century can be received as authority for 

 what passed in the 12th, the Culdees of Dunkeld 

 were all married ; but, like the priests of the Greek 

 Church, lived apart from their wives during their 

 period of service at the altar. 



According to the records of the see of St AndreAvs, 

 the state of the Culdee monastery there (and it 

 may probably be taken as typical of all the rest) 

 was in the middle of the 12th century far from satis- 

 factory. They tell that there were thirteen Cul- 

 dees holding their office by hereditary tenure, and 

 living rather according to their own pleasure and 

 the traditions of men, than after the rules of 

 the holy fathers ; that some few things of little 

 importance they possessed in common ; that the 

 rest, including what was of most value, they held 

 as their private property, each enjoying what he 

 got from relatives and kinsmen, or from the benevo- 

 lence granted on the tenure of pure friendship, or 



