610 



CULLEN 



CULM 



return one member to parliament. Pop. ( 1841 ) 

 1423 ; ( 1881 ) 2033 ; ( 1891 ) 2100. 



llllen, PAUL, a great Irish churchman, was 

 born near Ballitore, in County Kildare, April 27, 

 1803. After a brilliant course in the Collegio 

 Urbano of the Propaganda at Rome, he was 

 ordained priest in 1829, and rilled in succession 

 the offices of vice-rector and rector of the Irish 

 College in Rome, and rector of the Propaganda 

 College. During the period of Mazzini's power in 

 Rome in 1848, Cullen astutely saved the property 

 of his college by placing it under American pro- 

 tection. At the close of 1849 the three names 

 sent up to the pope having been passed over, 

 Cullen unexpectedly found himself nominated to 

 the archbishopric or Armagh and primacy of Ire- 

 land. He was consecrated early in the following 

 year, and at once commenced a vigorous and un- 

 compromisingly ultramontane reign of eight-and- 

 twenty years, in which he established lasting 

 memorials to his memory in new churches, schools, 

 convents, and hospitals, such as the Mater Miseri- 

 cordise. He denounced mixed education in every 

 form, and from the outset opposed all revolutionary 

 and anti-constitutional opposition to the crown. 

 His vigorous denunciations of Fenianism made him 

 many enemies among the more hot-headed Irish- 

 men, but greatly increased the respect of English 

 Protestants for a church that would make no 

 terms with crime, even when committed by its 

 own children. At the Synod of Thurles in 1851, 

 principally by Cullen's persuasion, the establish- 

 ment of a Catholic university in Ireland was re- 

 commended. Translated to Dublin in 1852, he 

 was created a cardinal priest in 1866, the first 

 Irishman who had reached that elevated rank. 

 One of the majority at the Vatican Council, he 

 long enjoyed the familiar friendship of Pope Pius 

 IX. He died at Dublin soon after his return from 

 a journey to Rome, October 24, 1878. 



Clllleil, WILLIAM, M.D., physician, was born 

 at Hamilton, Lanarkshire, on 15th April 1710, his 

 father being factor to the Duke of Hamilton. 

 After learning his profession, first as apprentice to 

 a surgeon-apothecary in Glasgow, next as surgeon 

 on board a West Indian trading ship, and then as 

 assistant to an apothecary in London, he returned 

 to Scotland in 1731, and commenced practice in his 

 native county. Feeling the necessity of more 

 systematic study, he spent two winters at Edin- 

 burgh University under Munro primus, and then 

 removed to Hamilton, where he soon secured a 

 good practice. One of his articled pupils was 

 William Hunter (q.v. ), to whom he became ex- 

 tremely attached ; and it was agreed that one of 

 them should be alternately allowed to study during 

 the winter, while the other carried on the practice. 

 Cullen spent the first winter at Edinburgh, and it 

 is at this time that he appears to have taken an 

 important part in founding what is now known as 

 the Royal Medical Society. It being Hunter's 

 turn next year he went to London, and having 

 attracted attention there, did not return, Cullen 

 generously cancelling the articles. In 1740 Cullen 

 graduated M.D. at Glasgow University, gave up 

 surgical work, and soon after established himself 

 in Glasgow as a physician. At that time there 

 was not in Glasgow any regular course of medical 

 study, and Cullen occupied himself much in the 

 foundation of a medical school, himself lecturing 

 on various subjects. One of his pupils was the 

 famous Dr Joseph Black (q.v.). Cullen 's labours 

 resulted in his appointment to the chair of Medi- 

 cine in the university, which he occupied four 

 years. In 1755 he was persuaded to leave Glasgow 

 for Edinburgh, and for the next thirty-five years 

 was one of tne mainstays of the Edinburgh medical 



school. During this long period he occupied suc- 

 cessively the chairs of Chemistry, Institutes of 

 Medicine, and Medicine, besides teaching clinically 

 in the Royal Infirmary all the time. 



Living as he did in what might be termed the 

 renaissance period of the history of medicine, Cullen 

 was essentially a man of his time, and did much 

 to advance the science. For many centuries all 

 disease had been referred to disorders of the fluids 

 of the body. Just before Cullen's time, Boerhaave 

 had added to this a pathology of the ' fibres ' still 

 strongly tinctured with the old fluid or humoral 

 pathology. To Cullen is largely due the recogni- 

 tion of the important part played by the nervous 

 system both in health and disease. He denied the 

 theory supported even by Boeihaave, that the 

 brain was an excretory organ and the nervous 

 influence a fluid. Many of his speculations as to 

 reflex nervous action, the possible presence in a 

 single nerve of both sensory and motor fibres, and 

 the connection of sensory and motor nerves witk 

 the anterior and posterior nerve roots, have now 

 been proved to be facts. He had a singularly open 

 and candid mind, and while himself introducing 

 the use of several new drugs, as oxide of antimony 

 and tartar emetic, was careful to distinguish be- 

 tween the action of drugs and the curative opera- 

 tions of nature. It may be said of him in his own 

 words when speaking of Sydenham, ' that he rather 

 sought for theory to connect his facts, than for 

 facts to support his theory.' 



In the later years of his life arose the contro- 

 versy on the Brunonian system (see BROWN, JOHN, 

 M.D.), which system Cullen bitterly opposed. 

 Brown's specious division of diseases into sthenic 

 and asthenic was obviously a deduction from 

 Cullen's theories of nerve influence, and was only 

 one instance out of many where a reputation was 

 built on ideas borrowed from Cullen. 



Cullen died on 5th February 1790 at his small 

 estate of Ormiston Hill, having nearly completed 

 his seventy-ninth year, and having been actively 

 engaged in teaching and consulting practice till 

 within a few months of his death. Cullen's most 

 important works are First Lines of the Practice of 

 Physic (Edin. 1777), Synopsis Nosologice Methodicce 

 (1785), Institutions of Medicine (1777), A Treatise 

 on the Materia Medica (1789). See Biography, 

 vol. i. by Dr John Thomson ( 1832 ), vol. ii. by Cullen's 

 son and Dr David Craigie ( 1859), also an article by 

 Sir W. Hamilton in the Edinburgh Review ( 1831 ). 



<'nll"ra, a town and port of Spain, near the 

 mouth of the Jucar, 25 miles SSE. of Valencia. It 

 exports rice, pistacliio-nuts, oranges, wine, and oil. 

 Pop. 11,050. 



CullocTeii, or DRUMMOSSIE Mum, a broad flat 

 sandstone ridge, 300 to 500 feet high, 6 miles ENE. 

 of Inverness. Planting and culture have changed 

 its aspect much since 16th April 1746, when it was 

 the scene of the total rout of 5000 Highlanders 

 under Prince Charles Edward by 12,000 regulars 

 under the Duke of Cumberland. Since 1881, a 

 cairn, 20 feet in height, with an inscription, marks 

 the spot where the battle was fiercest, and where 

 many of the slain lie buried. Within 2 miles 

 stands Culloden House, the seat of Duncan Forbes 

 and his descendants. 



Culm* a kind of impure Anthracite (q.v.). In 

 some districts the culm obtained from the pits in 

 a broken and crumbling condition is used as fuel, 

 being made up into balls, with one-third of its 

 bulk of wet viscid clay. It burns without flame, 

 producing a strong and steady heat, well adapted 

 for cooking (see BRIQUETTE). The term Culm- 

 measures is applied to the carboniferous strata of 

 Devonshire, on account of the workings for culm 

 near Bideford, and other places. 



