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CULTIVATOR 



CUMBERLAND 



while this becomes exclusive in the newest but 

 extending department of flower gardening. 



See the articles AGRICULTURE, GARDENING, FRUIT, 

 PASTURE, PLANTS (MEDICINAL), &c. ; those on special 

 plants e.g. BARLEY, COCA, DATE, MAIZE, &c. ; also 

 De Candolle, Origin of Cultivated Plants (Inter. Sc. 

 Series, 1884); and Hehn's Wanderings of Hants and 

 Animals ( 1886 ). , 



Cultivator, a farm implement. See GRUBBER. 



Culverin, one of the earlier forms of Cannon 

 (q.v.), of great length, generally an 18-pounder, 

 weighing 50 cwt. ; the demi-culverm being a 

 9-pounder, weighing 30 cwt. 



Culver's Root ? the rhizome of Veronica 

 virqinica, used medicinally as radix leptandrai of 

 U.S. Pharmacopeia. 



Culvert is the name given to a.i arched channel 

 of masonry for the conveyance of water under- 

 ground or beneath an embankment. 



Culverwel, NATHANAEL, one of the Cam- 

 bridge Platonists, was born in Middlesex, and 

 entered Emmanuel College in 1633. He graduated 

 B.A. in 1636, M.A. in 1640, was elected fellow in 

 1642, and died not later than 1651. In 1652 was 

 published An Elegant and Learned Discourse of the 

 Light of Nature, with several other treatises viz. 

 the Schism, the Act of Oblivion, the Child's Return, 

 the Panting Soul, Mount Ebal, the White Stone ; 

 Spiritual Optics ; and the Worth of Souls. An 

 edition of the Light of Nature was issued in 1857, 

 edited by Dr John Brown of Edinburgh, with a 

 critical essay by Principal Cairns. It is a treatise 

 of great power and learning, written in a vivid and 

 vigorous style, and is a work not unworthy of the 

 college that produced Cudworth, Whichcote, and 

 John Smith. See Tulloch's Rational Theology, 

 vol. ii. (1874), pp. 410-26. 



Cumae, an ancient city on the coast of Cam- 

 pania, founded conjointly by colonists from Chalcis 

 in Eubcea, and from the ^Eolian town of Cyme in 

 Asia Minor. The date of its foundation is un- 

 certain, but according to Strabo it was the earliest 

 of all the Greek settlements either in Italy or 

 Sicily. It soon attained to wealth and power, 

 built several harbours or port-towns of its own, 

 kept a tolerably large fleet, extended its influence 

 over the native tribes of the neighbouring terri- 

 tories, planted colonies in Italy and Sicily, at 

 Puteoli, Neapolis, and Zancle (Messina). Spite 

 of attacks from the Etruscans and Umbrians with- 

 out, and dissensions within, for the two hundred 

 years before 500 B.C. it was the most important 

 and civilised city in Southern Italy. In 474 its 

 ally, Hieron, king of Syracuse, defeated the com- 

 bined fleets of the Etruscans and Carthaginians, 

 who had attacked it by sea. Cumae at length lost 

 its independence (417 B.C.) when it was conquered 

 by the Samnites, who killed or enslaved most 

 of the citizens. It ultimately became a Roman 

 municipium and colony, but continued to decline. 

 It re-assumed a momentary importance during the 

 wars of Belisarius and Narses. Its strong fortress, 

 garrisoned by the Goths, was the last place in Italy 

 that held out against the Byzantine army. Few 

 remains of the ancient city exist. Cumse is famous 

 as the residence of the Sibyl (q.v.), whose cave was 

 identified with one of the many subterranean 

 passages in the rock on which the citadel stood. 

 Most of these are now choked up. 



< '11 inniia, a town of the Venezuelan state of 

 Bermudez, on the Manzanares, a mile above its 

 mouth, where the port of Puerto Sucre lies on the 

 Gulf of Cariaco. It has a national college, and 

 some export trade, but is chiefly of interest as 

 the oldest European town on the South American 

 mainland, having been founded by Christopher 

 Columbus's son Diego as New Toledo in 1521. It 



has suffered much from earthquakes, and was 

 nlmost entirely destroyed in 1853. Population about 

 10,000. 



Cumania is the name of a region in Central 

 Hungary divided into Great Cumania, east of the 

 Theiss, and Little Cumania, between the Danube 

 and the Theiss, now incorporated in the adjoining 

 Hungarian provinces. The inhabitants, the Cumans, 

 are the descendants of a race of nomad invaders of 

 the Turkish stock, who forced their way into Hun- 

 gary from beyond the Volga in the llth century. 

 They long held their own in alternate alliance and 

 war with the surrounding states. They maintained 

 their heathenism and their barbarous customs, till 

 in 1278 a crusade was proclaimed against them by 

 Pope Nicholas IV., and they were compelled to 

 accept Christianity and adopt the ways of their 

 Magyar neighbours. They are now wholly 

 Magyarised. 



Cumberland, a Border county of England, 

 washed on the W. by the Irish Sea and the Solway 

 Firth, and elsewhere bounded by Dumfries and 

 Roxburgh shires, Northumberland, Durham, West- 

 moreland, and Lancashire. Eleventh in size of the 

 English counties, it has a maximum length of 75 

 miles, a maximum breadth of 45, a coast-line of 75, 

 and an area of 1564 sq. m. The surface is moun- 

 tainous in the south-west and east; the middle 

 consists of hills, valleys, and elevated ridges ; and 

 the north and north-west districts, including the 

 vale of Carlisle, are low, flat, or gently undulated. 

 The mountains in the south-west are high, rugged, 

 and sterile, with deep and narrow valleys, lakes, 

 rivers, waterfalls, and woodlands. The chief moun- 

 tains are Scaw Fell Pike (3210 feet), Scaw Fell 

 (3162), Helvellyn (3118), Skiddaw (3058), Bow Fell 

 (2960), and Cross Fell (2892). The largest lakes 

 are Ullswater, Derwentwater, Bassenthwaite, Thirl- 

 mere, Buttermere, Wastwater, and Ennerdale. 

 Six of the chief waterfalls are 60 to 156 feet high. 

 The chief rivers are the Eden, the Esk, and the 

 Derwent. The Lancaster and Carlisle railway 

 route from London to Edinburgh crosses the 

 north-east part of Cumberland. 



The Lake district, or nearly the south-west half 

 of Cumberland, consists of Silurian slates, with 

 protrusions of granite and trap rocks, and with New 

 Red sandstone along the coast south of St Bees 

 Head. In the north is a semicircular strip of car- 

 boniferous limestone ; then follow strips of coal 

 strata and Permian rocks ; then the new red sand- 

 stone plain of Carlisle, with carboniferous limestone 

 on the north-east, including a trap-dike 30 miles 

 long. Cumberland abounds in mineral wealth 

 silver, copper, lead, iron* plumbago, gypsum, lime- 

 stone, coal, slates, marbles, marl, and several of 

 the rarer minerals. 



In the mountainous parts the climate is wet 

 and variable, especially from July to October ; on 

 the coast it is mild. There is an annual rainfall 

 of 50 inches at Whitehaven, and of 59 at Keswick ; 

 while at Styhead Pass, at an altitude of 1077 feet, 

 the rainfall has been as much as 243 '98 inches. 

 Half of the cultivated soil consists of dry loam. 

 Much of the subsoil is wet clay. The chief crops 

 are wheat, barley, oats, turnips, and potatoes. 

 There are many small dairies. Sheep and cattle are 

 reared in the mountains. The estates are generally 

 small, and farmed by the owners, or held under the 

 lords of the manors by customary tenure. Many 

 of the small proprietors, or 'statesmen,' have had 

 their lands in their families for centuries, and have 

 a high spirit of independence. There are manu- 

 factures of woollens much being domestic 

 cottons, linens, earthenware, and glass. The chief 

 towns are Carlisle, Cockermouth, Whitehaven, 

 Workington, Maryport, W T igton, Penrith, Keswick, 



