CUMBERLAND 



CUMMIN 



613 



Egremont. Under the Distribution of Seat* Act, 

 1885, Cuiiilierhmd returns one member for each 

 of the four divisions, North or Kskdale, Mid or 

 Penritli, Cockermouth, and West or Egremont. 

 Pop. (1801)117,230; (1841)178,038; (1871)220,253; 

 (1891) 266,550. Near Keswick and Kirkoswald 

 are two line stone circles ; and nuiiiy Roman relics 

 have been found, such tin altars, coins, and inscrip- 

 tions. For centuries part of Cumbria or Strata- 

 Clyde, the present county was finally annexed to 

 England in 1157. For three hundred years prior to 

 the union of the crowns, it was the constant scene 

 of war and devastation, from incursions of the 

 English and Scotch ; and it suffered again in both 

 the '15 and the '45. Cumberland hod formerly 

 several monasteries and hospitals ; and on the 

 Border, many towers or peel-nouses ; and it has 

 still some fine old churches. See BORDERS, LAKE 

 I U-TKUT ; and K. S. Ferguson's Hist, of C. (1890). 



Cumberland, a river, rises in Kentucky, flows 

 into Tennessee, and returning to Kentucky, enters 

 the Ohio at Smithland, after a course of about 650 

 miles, of which nearly 200 are navigable for steam- 

 boats. For Cumberland Mountain, see APPALA- 

 CHIANS. 



Cumberland, capital of Alleghany county, 

 Maryland, on the Potomac River, 178 miles W. 

 by N . of Baltimore by rail. It is a canal terminus 

 and an important railway centre, and has manu- 

 factures of brick, cement, flour, and leather, and 

 an extensive trade in coal. Pop. (1890) 12,729. 



Cumberland, DR RICHARD, was born in 

 London, July 15, 1631. Educated at St Paul's 

 School and Magdalene College, Cambridge, he was 

 preferred to the rectory of Brampton, Northamp- 

 tonshire, in 1658; in 1667 to tne living of All 

 Hallows, Stamford ; and in 1691 to the bisnopric of 

 Peterborough. Cumberland was a man of great 

 acquirements, and of sincere and simple piety ; his 

 frequent saying, ' a man had better wear out than 

 rust out,' explains his unusually high idea of 

 episcopal duty. He wrote several works, of which 

 one is still read, his Inquiry into the Laws of 

 Nature, written in reply to Hobbes, and remark- 

 able as placing the foundation of morality on a 

 utilitarian basis. His Essay on Jewish Weights 

 and Measures was dedicated to his old college 

 friend Pepys, as president of the Royal Society. 

 As an instance of Cumberland's insatiable thirst 

 for knowledge, it is mentioned that he learned 

 Coptic after the age of eighty-three. He died 

 October 9, 1718. 



Cumberland, RICHARD, a dramatic writer 

 and essayist, was born on the 19th February 1732, 

 in the lodge of Trinity College, Cambridge. He 

 was the great-grandson of Bishop Cumberland, 

 and grandson, by the mother's side, of I)r 

 Richard Bentley. From Bury St Edmunds and 

 Westminster, where he was contemporary with 

 Cowper, Churchill, and Warren Hastings, he 

 passed to Trinity College, Cambridge, and here 

 was elected to a fellowship at twenty. Becom- 

 ing private secretary to Lord Halifax, he gave up 

 his intention of entering the church, and, after 

 passing through several subordinate offices, was 

 appointed secretary to the Board of Trade. He 

 held that office after his return from an unfortu- 

 nate secret mission to Spain ( 1780), which cost him 

 as much as 5000, a sum that ministers refused to 

 reimburse, when the Board was suppressed. Hav- 

 ing obtained a compensation allowance of about half 

 his salary, Cumberland retired to Tunbridge Wells, 

 where he devoted himself to literature, and wrote 

 incessantly farces, tragedies, comedies, pamphlets, 

 essays, and novels, two at least of merit, Arundel 

 and Henry. Many of his comedies were successful 

 at the time of their appearance, although they have 



not kept possession of the stage. Among them may 

 here IM- named The West Indian, The Brothers, Th 

 Fashionable Lover, The Jew, and The Wheel of 

 Fortune. Cumberland is alluded to in Goldsmith's 

 lietuliation with not unkindly satire as ' the 

 Terence of England, the mender of hearts;' in 

 Sheridan's Critic he is gibleted as ' Sir Fretful 

 Plagiary.' Cumberland's essays and translations 

 from the Greek poets are long forgotten. He died 

 at Tunbridge Wells, 7th May 1811. His inaccu- 

 rate Memoirs of himself were published in 1807. 



Cumberland, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF, 

 second son of George II., was born in 1721. He 

 adopted a military career, was wounded at Dettin- 

 gen in 1743, and defeated, not ingloriously, at 

 Fontenoy, by Marshal Saxe, in 1745. He was next 

 sent to crush the Young Pretender's rebellion, 

 which he did effectually at Culloden (1746); and 

 by a series of severe measures against the 

 broken and dispirited Highlanders he earned for 

 himself the lasting title of ' the Butcher,' to set 

 oil against his reward of 25,000 a year and the 

 thanks of parliament. In 1747 he was defeated 

 by Saxe atLawfeldt, and in 1757 had to surrender 

 and disarm his army at Kloster-Zeven ; after which 

 he retired into private life, and died 31st Oct. 1765. 

 See the military Life by Rev. A. N. Cainpbell- 

 Maclachlan based on the duke's General Orders 

 of 1745-47 (1876). For other dukes and earls of 

 Cumberland, see HANOVER and CLIFFORD. 



Cumberland Island (so called) is a penin- 

 sula of Baffin Land, extending into Davis Strait. 



Cumberland Presbyterians, a religious 

 denomination which sprang up in 1810 in the state 

 of Kentucky, in consequence of a dispute between 

 the presbytery of Cumberland in that state, and 

 the Kentucky Synod of the Presbyterian Church 

 in America, "concerning the ordination of persons 

 who had not passed through the usual educational 

 curriculum, but whose services the presbytery 

 regarded as demanded for the ministry by the 

 exigencies of the times. In 1887 this church had 

 26 synods, 1538 ministers, 150,000 members, and 

 several colleges and seminaries. Their form of 

 government is presbyterian, though they have 

 added a system of itinerating like the Metho- 

 dists. Arminian in doctrine, they deny uncondi- 

 tional election ami predestination, and believe in 

 the universality of the atonement. 



Cumberland Valley. See PENNSYLVANIA. 



Cumbrae, BIG or GREAT, an island of Bute- 

 shire, in the Firth of Clyde, 2i miles E. of Bute at 

 the narrowest, and 11 mile WSW. of Largs. With 

 the shape of a shark's tooth, it is 3f miles long, 

 2 broad, 10 in circumference, and 5 sq. m. in area. 

 It rises to a height of 417 feet, and consists of Old 

 Red sandstone, with wall-like trap-dykes intersect- 

 ing it. The Marquis of Bute is sole proprietor. 

 Millport, on the south shore, 19 miles SSW. of 

 Greenock (viA Wemvss Bay), is a crowded resort 

 in summer. Pop. ( 1801 ) 506 ; ( 1891 ) 1784, of whom 

 1668 were in Millport. LITTLE CUMBRAE, 1$ mile 

 SSW. of Millport, is barely 1 so. m. in area. It 

 rises 409 feet, and has a lighthouse (1826). 

 Pop. 23. 



Cumbria. See CAMBRIA and STRATHCLYDE. 



Cummin, or CUMIN (Cumlnum), a genus of 

 Umbel lifer;i , containing only one known species 

 (C. cyminum), common in Egypt and the neigh- 

 louring countries, sometimes as an annual weed, 

 but more frequently in cultivation, as also in 

 southern Europe and India. It is referred to in 

 Scripture (as in Matt, xxiii. 23). The fruit-lobes 

 separate in the way characteristic of the order, 

 and are thus popularly called seeds ; their odour 

 and properties resemble those of Caraway (q.v.J, 



