CUNENE 



CUPAR 



617 



M IliUiir ir phonetic value was employed in a word. 

 It.'iuif tin- name of a king, town, city, or private 

 pT-nii, i\i-., a cuneiform sign, being tiir ideograph 

 fur tllf word following, was placed ; after name- ul 

 place* liko Jid/ii/it ( Babylon ), a siillix /./, inclining 

 earth' or ' land,' was placed. It i- tlie opinion 

 of poino tliiit tlif cuneiform characters were in- 

 vented by the primitive Akkadian inhabitants of 

 Ch.ildiea (who spike an Agglutinative language). 

 See the articles ASSYRIA, BAHYI.ON, WHITING. 



See Sir H. Rawlinaon, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of 

 Western A sia ((> vola. folio, ed. by E. Norris, G. Smith, and 

 T. O. Pinches, 18<>1 -80); Grotefeii.l, 7>/V h'fifinxi-hriften 

 aus hihiftuu (1854); Lasseii u. "\Vestergaard, Ueier die 

 A'fUin.ichnften (1845); liincks. On t/ie First and Second 

 Kinds of l'rrx<i><>lit<iii Writing (Transact. Roy. Ir. Sue. 

 1846) ; Norris, Memoir on the Scythic Version of the 

 Behittun Inscription (Journal As. Soc. 1853); Rawlin- 

 son, A Commentary on the Cuneiform Inscriptions of 

 Babylon and Asa.i/ri't (1850); and works by Benfey, 

 Oppert, Kenan, Spiegel, Schrader, Delitzsch, and others. 



4'lllir nr. an African river, rises on the heights 

 which hound the interior plateau of South Africa 

 in the W. , and after a course of 600 miles south- 

 ward and westward, forming the boundary partly 

 between the Portuguese and (German dominions, 

 reaches the sea 60 miles north of Cape Frio. It is 

 shallow and nearly useless for navigation. 



Cuneo. See CONI. 



Cunningham, ALLAN, poet and industrious 

 man of letters, was born in the parish of Keir, 

 Dumfriesshire, 7th December 1784. His father 

 was factor or land-steward to Miller of Dalswin- 

 ton, and therefore neighbour to Burns at Ellisland ; 

 and Allan, a boy of twelve, followed at the great 

 poefc's funeral. At eleven he was apprenticed to 

 a stone-mason, but continued to give all his leisure 

 to poring over native songs and stories. His first 

 publications were his verse and prose contributions 

 to Cromek's sham-antique Remains of Nithsdale and 

 Galloway Song (1810). These, while they did not 

 of course deceive the learned, or apparently even 

 Cromek himself, procured the clever young mason 

 the acquaintance of Hogg and Sir Walter Scott. 

 With the latter, ' Honest Allan ' was always a 

 great favourite. He now removed to London, 

 and became one of the best-known writers for the 

 London Magazine, as well as secretary and man- 

 ager in Chantrey's studio, a post which he held till 

 Chantrey's death in 1841. Though thus busily em- 

 ployed all day, Cunningham maintained an in- 

 defatigable literary activity, writing tales, novels, 

 magazine articles, poems, songs, and biographies. 

 His best Avorks were his Traditional Tales of the 

 English and Scottish Peasantry (1822) ; The Songs 

 of Scotland, Ancient and Modern (1825) ; Lives of 

 the Most Famous British Painters, Sculptors, and 

 Architects (6 vols. 1829-33); and his edition of 

 Burns, with Life (8 vols. 1834). His Life of Sir 

 David Wilkie appeared posthumously. He died in 

 London, 30th October 1842. Cunningham was a 

 remarkably worthy and kindly man, whose 'stal- 

 wart healthy figure and ways ' pleased even Carlyle 

 but then he was from Dumfriesshire. As a 

 Scotch poet, he ranks, perhaps, after James Hogg. 

 His songs, although marred by defects in taste, 

 have the true lyrical impulse and movement. See 

 Life by the Rev. David Hogg ( Dumf. 1875). 



Of his sons, the eldest, Joseph Davey (1812-51), 

 rose in the Indian service, and wrote a good history 

 of the Sikhs (1849); Major-general Sir Alexander 

 (1814-93) wrote on Indian archeology and statis- 

 tics; Peter (see below) became a well-known man 

 of letters; Francis ( lS'2()-7.">), also an Indian 

 soldier, edited Marlowe, Massinger, and Ben Jonson. 

 Cunningham, PETER, son of Allan Cunning- 

 ham the poet, was born in Pimlico, April 1, 1816. 

 He was educated at Christ's Hospital, London, 



entered the Autlit Office through Peel'it influence 



in 1834, and ultimately l*-cann- chief clerk. He 

 retired in 1860, and died at St Albans, 18th May 

 1869. His name is chietly rememliered by his 

 IluiullinnL- nf l.nniloH (1849), a book stored with 

 out-of-the-way facts, and informed with true literary 

 flavour. He contributed largely to the literary 

 journals, edited lunik- for lioih the ShakeHjH-are 

 and the Percy Societies, as well as Horace 

 Walpole's Letters (1857), Drummond of Haw- 

 thornden, Goldsmith, Johnson's Lives of the Poets, 

 and Pope. Other lunik- are Modern London ( 1851 ) 

 and the Story of Nell Qwynn ( 1852). 



Cunningham, WILLIAM, a distinguished 

 Scotch theologian, was born at Hamilton in 1805, 

 educated at Duns and Edinburgh, and ordained 

 minister at Greenock in 1830. He was called to 

 Trinity College Church, Edinburgh, in 1834, and 

 soon became one of the foremost leaders, alike on 

 the platform and in the pamphlet, on the ' Non- 

 intrusionist ' side in the great controversy that pre- 

 ceded the Disruption of 1843. He was appointed 

 professor of Theology in the Free Church College 

 in 1843, of Church History in 1845, and its principal 

 on Chalmers's death in 1847. His D.D. degree was 

 given him by Princeton in 1842. He was modera- 

 tor of the Free Assembly in 1859, when he received 

 a testimonial amounting to over 7000. He died 

 at Edinburgh, 14th December 1861. His literary 

 executors published from his MSS. Historic 

 Theology: a Remeio of the Principal Doctrinal Dis- 

 cussions in the Christian Church (1862), Reformers 

 and Theology of the Reformation ( 1862), and Dis- 

 cussions on Church Principles ( 1863). See his Life, 

 by Rainy and Mackenzie ( 1871 ). 



Cnnninghamia, a genus of the Taxodium 

 family of Conifene (q.v. ), of which the only species 

 (C.sinensis) is a lofty evergreen tree of southern 

 China and Cochin China, with sessile leathery 

 leaves, somewhat resembling those of an Araucaria. 

 It is too tender for the climate of Britain, save in 

 peculiarly favourable localities. 



Cup is a name for a refreshing beverage, made 

 usually of wine, soda-water, ice, and flavouring 

 ingredients. Thus claret cup may be made of one 

 quart of claret, one bottle of soda-water, half a 

 pound of pounded ice, four tablespoonfuls of 

 pounded sugar, a little grated nutmeg, a liqueur 

 glass of Maraschino, and a sprig of green borage. 

 Champagne cup may be made of one quart of chani- 



Eagne, two bottles of soda-water, one glass of 

 randy, one pound of pounded sugar, with borage 

 or cucumber rind. Cider cup is similarly com- 

 pounded. 



Cup, DIVINATION BY, a mode of foretelling 

 events, practised by the ancient Egyptians, ana 

 still surviving, though with but little credit, in 

 some of the rural districts of England and Scot- 

 land. One of the eastern methods consisted in 

 throwing in small pieces of gold or silver leaf into 

 a cup of water, in which also were placed precious 

 stones, with certain characters engraved upon 

 them. The infernal powers were then invoked, 

 and returned answer, either in an intelligible voice, 

 or by signs on the surface of the water, or by a re- 

 presentation in the cup of the person inquired 

 about. By the modern method, a person's for- 

 tune is foretold by the di-po>iiion of the sediment 

 in her teacup after pouring out the last of the 

 liquid. 



<' u par, or CupAR-FiFE, the county town of 

 Fife, on the Eden, 10 miles W. by S. of St Andrews, 

 30 NNE. of Edinburgh, and 13 S. of Dundee. In 

 the 12th century a castle of the Macdutl's, Earls of 

 Fife, crowned the 'School Hill,' whose northern 

 slope was afterwards the show-place of mystery- 

 plays and moralities such as the Thrie fcstaiiis 



