CUTTACK 



CUTTLE-FISH 



631 



more important processes have leen mentioned. 

 Tin- MiNilivi>iiiii of hilxmr is very fully carried out 

 in ili- cutlery trade, MO much HO, that the man who 

 tin- neii blades docs not forge tle larger 

 blades for tne same knife. It i tin- same witli 

 those win. grind the blades. Including' those of a 

 comparatively trivial nature, an ordinary three- 

 l)l.i. led j>ocket-knife goes through more than a 

 hundred processes. 



The grinders in former years suffered so much 

 fioiu tin- tint- particles of stone and metal which 

 penaded the atmosphere of the workshops that 

 tlieir average age aid not exceed twenty-nine. 

 Tliis was especially the case with those engaged in 

 dry-grinding, which, for example, was that used 

 /or forks. The evil has been lessened in recent 

 years by the adoption in some establishments of 

 wet-grinding, the water on the stone preventing 

 the escape of particles of matter through the room. 

 Another plan lias been a good many years in use 

 namely, the application of a fan with a properly 

 constructed Hue, which withdraws by suction the 

 grit and steel dust as it is produced. 



A few of the leading manufacturers at Sheffield 

 prepare hafting material such as iyory, wood, and 

 horn on their own premises ; but the manufacture 

 of 'scales,' as these hafts are called, is to a large 

 extent a separate trade. Ivory was long so popular 

 a material for knife-handles that Sheffield has in 

 some years consumed the tusks of 20,000 elephants ; 

 but owing to its increasing scarcity ana price, 

 various substitutes are now employed. In trading 

 with savage people it is curious how they will 

 sometimes unexpectedly reject a useful article on 

 account of its colour. For example, the Fiji 

 Islanders a few years ago, if not now, would on no 

 account accept in barter a white-handled knife, but 

 would readily take one with a black handle. 



In cutler}' France and Germany are now compet- 

 ing with England in many foreign markets ; but the 

 trade has again shown a tendency to increase in 

 Sheffield. The manufacture is now also extensively 

 carried on in the United States. In France the 

 headquarters of cutlery are at Thiere, Langres, 

 Nogent, Chatellerault, and Paris, where the finest 

 surgical instruments are made. Solingen is called 

 'the German Sheffield;' but Remscheid, Suhl, 

 Schmalkalden, and many other towns produce. 

 knives and the like. Swedish razors are famous. 

 See also SWORD. 



Cllttack ( Kataka, ' the fort ' ), the capital of 

 a district in Orissa, Bengal, stands immediately 

 below the bifurcation of the Mahanadi, thus occupy- 

 ing the apex of the delta of that river, a position 

 advantageous both in military and commercial re- 

 spects. The city, which is 220 miles SW. of Cal- 

 cutta, is chiefly notable for its filigree-work in gold 

 and silver. Pop. ( 1891 ) 47, 186, of whom over 8000 

 were Mohammedans. The district is the central 

 one of the Orissa division, and has an area of 3633 

 sq. m., and a pop. (1891) of 1,937,671. 



Cutter is a name given to two kinds of small 

 vessels. The cutters used by yachtsmen and 

 revenue cruisers, and which are built with especial 

 reference to speed, have a single mast, and a 

 straight running bowsprit that can le run- in on 

 boartl occasionally. They are much like sloops in 

 rig, but have larger sails. Such small vessels occa- 

 sionally venture on long voyages. In 1857 the 

 ( '/inrter Oak, a cutter of 23 tons, crossed the 

 Atlantic from New York to Liverpool. In 1865 

 the Alert, a cutter of 56 tons yacht measurement, 

 made thfc voyage from England to Sydney (Aus- 

 tralia) in 108 days, including 5 days' detention at 

 tha Cape of Good Hope. From that time to this, 

 long voyagp"- v, ith vessels of this class, especially 

 across the ...'....'..-, have been matters of common 



occurrence. See YACHT; for the other kind of 



Cutter. 



cutters, see BOAT. In the United States, very 

 long sleds, for coasting, are called cutters. 



Cuttings are branches or portions of branches 

 of trees or throbs, employed to produce new plants, 

 by burying the lower end in the earth so that new 

 roots may arise from the nodes. Nothing is niore 

 easy than to propagate willows, fuchsias, pinks, 

 geraniums, currants, gooseberries, &c. in this way ; 

 but many other plants, commonly propagated by 

 cuttings, require greater attention on the part of 

 the gardener, warmth, a uniform damp atmosphere, 

 and shade. The term cutting is, however, usefully 

 extended by most horticultural writers to any part 

 of a plant which can be separated to become an 

 individual similar to its parent ; thus some plants 

 may be propagated most readily from simple leaves 

 or portions of leaves, others from a segment of stem 

 bearing a single leaf with a bud at its base, others 

 from offshoots at the base of the parent plant, some 

 again from the younger shoots, and others from 

 partially ripened wood, and so on. Hence there is 

 room for considerable experience and skill, and 

 detailed instructions should be sought by the 

 amateur florist in works on horticulture (e.g. 

 Johnson's Dictionary of Gardening). The most 

 convenient general method, however, is to strike 

 cuttings in well-drained shallow pots or boxes 

 of silver sand overlying a little sandy peat or loam ; 

 shade and water being applied with discretion, and 

 bottom heat only in special cases, which of course 

 include the majority or stove plants. Hardy fruit- 

 trees may be oest propagated by cuttings taken 

 after the fall of the leaf, and planted on the north 

 side of a wall, but not so close as to be constantly 

 in shade. 



4 '11 tile-fish (A.S. cudele), strictly speaking, a 

 meml>er of the genus Sepia, more generally applied 

 to any Cephalopod (q.v.). A brief account is here 

 given of the structure, life-history, and habits of the 

 common British species (>'<y*m ajfiriim/is. Linn.), 

 with a tabular indication of its relationships. 



The Sepia (fig. 1 ) measures from six to ten inches 

 in length, and its colour varies from pale gray t< 

 dark brown or neutral tint. The body is oval, flat- 

 tened from above downwards, and contained in a 

 tough muscular sac (mantle), which expands along 

 the whole of either margin into a narrow tin. The 

 integument consists of a single layer of cells, King 

 upon connective tissue, in which are imbedded 

 ' chromatophores,' or cells charged with variously 

 coloured pigment-granules. By expansion of the 

 cell the pigment is diffused, and bv its contraction 

 concentrated, hence the rapid flashes of changing 



