640 



CYCLOPTERIS 



CYNOMORIUM 



and not less noticeable are the two large egg-bag 

 carried by the females. They eat both animal anc 

 vegetable matter, and are very prolific. See -CRUS 

 TACEA, WATER-FLEA. 



Cyclop'teris, a genus of fossil ferns met wit! 

 in Devonian and Carboniferous strata. The leaflet 

 are somewhat rounded or wedge-shaped, and hav 

 no midrib, the nerves spreading from the point o 

 attachment. ' 



Cyclorama. See PANORAMA. 

 CyclOSlS ( Gr. , 'circulation ' ), the name employee 

 to designate certain movements of the contents o" 

 cells in plants. See VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY. 



Cydostomata (literally, 'round mouths'), a 

 class of vertebrates often included along with fishes 

 but separated from them by some fundamenta 

 divergences. Hag-fish (Myxine) and Lamprey 

 ( Petromyzon ) are the two most familiar examples, 

 and are types of the two orders into which the 

 Cyclostomata ( or Marsipobranchii ) are divided. 



Cydnus, a river of Cilicia, rising on the south 

 side of the Taurus range, and flowing through a rich 

 and level country, past the city of Tarsus, and 

 a broad lagoon, now choked up with sand, into the 

 sea. Its water was famous for its clearness and 

 coldness, and was supposed to be efficacious against 

 gout and nervous diseases. Alexander nearly lost 

 his life through an illness brought on by bathing in 

 it when overheated. 

 Cydonia. See QUINCE. 

 Cygnet, a young Swan (q.v.). 

 Cylinder (Gr., 'a roller'), a well-known solid 

 whose cross-section at any point of its length gives 

 always the same circle ; or, mathematically, a solid 

 generated by the revolution of a 

 rectangle about one of its sides, 

 which line is called the axis of the 

 cylinder. That, the typical cylinder, 

 is frequently called right, and if cut 

 by two parallel planes not perpen- 

 dicular to the axis, the result is an 

 oblique cylinder, with elliptical ends 

 or sections. The term has also been 

 generalised to include a solid gener- 

 ated by a line moving parallel to a 

 fixed direction while tracing any 

 fixed closed curve. In all cases the 

 content of the cylinder is found by 

 multiplying the* number of square 

 units in the base by the number of 

 linear units in the altitude, which is 

 the perpendicular distance between the two ends. 

 The area of the convex surface is equal to the 

 product of the circumference of the end, and the 

 length of the generating line. To this must be 

 added the areas of the two ends, to get the whole 

 surface of the cylinder. 

 Cyma. See MOULDINGS. 



Cymbals are a pair of thin round metal plates, 

 with a hollow part in the centre, in which a leather 

 strap is fastened for holding in the hand. They are 

 instruments of percussion, which, when struck one 

 against the other, produce a loud harsh sound of 

 no fixed pitch. They are of very ancient origin, 

 and were used by the Greeks in the worship of 

 Cybele. The best cymbals are those made in 

 Turkey and in China. Attempts to discover and 

 imitate the composition of the metal have all failed, 

 the nearest approach to . it hitherto discovered 

 being an alloy of 80 parts of copper to 20 of tin. 

 The cymbals generally play the same part as the 

 bass drum, and in orchestras they are played on by 

 the same performer, one cymbal being fixed on the 

 drum, the other held in one hand, while the other 

 hand wields a drumstick. Cymbals are, however, 

 essentially military instruments. 



Cymbeline, an ancient king of Britain in a 

 well-known play of Shakespeare called by his 

 name. By his first wife he had a daughter, Imogen, 

 who married Posthumus Leonatus. His second 

 wife had, by a former husband, a son named 

 Cloten. Shakespeare borrowed the name from the 

 half-historical Cunobelinus in Holinshed's Chronicle, 

 of whom several coins are extant. 



Cyme, a term employed in Botany to designate 

 those forms of inflorescence which are definite or 

 centrifugal i.e. in which the main axis ends in a 

 flower, but bears one or more lateral branches 

 which again terminate in flowers, but not before 

 producing secondary branches which continue the 

 same process as far as growth permits. The 

 various forms and varieties of cyme, which are 

 not only of great morphological interest, but 

 frequently also of systematic importance e.g. 

 Caryophyllacere, Labiatse, &c., are described under 

 Inflorescence (q.v.). 



Cymry. See CELTS and WALES. 



Cynanchum, a genus of Asclepiadacete, of 

 which some species have been used medicinally 

 e.g. C. monspeliacum as a violent purgative, the 

 so-called Montpellier Scammony, and C. vincetori- 

 cum, formerly in repute as an antidote to other 

 poisons. The Indian C. extensum yields fibre, and 

 C. ovalifolium of Penang, caoutchouc. 



Cynewulf, an Anglo-Saxon poet of whom 

 almost nothing is known. He has handed down 

 his name wrapped up in runes in his poems Christ, 

 Juliana, and Elene. It seems most probable that 

 he was a Northumbrian, but Wiilcker holds that 

 there is no sufficient evidence for this belief. 

 Dietrich identifies him with Cynewulf, the Bishop 

 of Lindisfarne (737-80), but Ten Brink refuses to 

 admit the identity between the two. Cynewulf's 

 principal works may be referred with some degree 

 of confidence to the second half of the 8th century. 

 He belonged to the guild of wandering glee-men, 

 possessed some learning, and was popular with his 

 contemporaries. His poems are aglow with fervid 

 Christian feeling, and show rich imagination and 

 power of language. The influence of Aldhelm is 

 listinctly traceable both in the themes and in their 

 treatment. The chief works are a collection of 

 poetical riddles ; the Christ ( ed. by Gollancz, 1892), 

 a subject borrowed from the old Latin homilies, in 

 which His birth, His ascension, and the judgment 

 are described, the last being particularly effective ; 

 Andreas and Elene, religious epics ; Guthlac and 

 Juliana, versified lives of those saints. 



Cynics, the name applied to a school of Greek 

 hilosophers, who were distinguished mainly for 

 /heir morose and snarling ethics, and their ostenta- 

 ious contempt of the ordinary pleasures of life. 

 The name is due either to Cynosarges, the place 

 vhere Antisthenes, the founder, taught ; or to 

 ;heir dog-like ( kynikos ) contempt for conventional 

 manners. For their peculiar opinions, see articles 

 ANTISTHENES, DIOGENES, MENIPPUS, &c. 



Cy'nips. See GALL-FLY. 



Cynodon, a genus of grasses of which one 

 pecies, C. dactylon, is of peculiarly wide distribution, 

 lot only ranging from its British habitat on the 

 andy snores of Cornwall to fringe those of North 

 America and the West Indies, where it is known 

 is Bermuda grass, but also forming ( on account of 

 ts great power of resisting drought ) the most im- 

 >ortant fodder and pasture grass of India, where it 

 s known as Dhob, Doorba, &c. Its creeping roots, 

 ,nd those of its congener, C. lineare, have medicinal 

 irtues, and are sometimes used as a substitute for 

 arsaparilla. 



CyilOinorinm, a genus of the curious parasitic 

 rder Balanophorese (see PARASITIC PLANTS). 



