CYRIL 



(still .iliiiinlaiit ), from winch was obtained 

 a famous inrilicinul gum-resin ; ami it* horses. The 

 first settlements in Cyrenaica were made by a 

 Spartan colony in li.'ll n.r. The earliest cities were 

 Teuchira and Hesperis, then Barca, a colony from 

 Cyrene ; ami these, with Cyrene itself, and its port 

 Apollonia, formed the original Libyan l'rntiii>lis ; 

 siil>se<|tieiitly, Hesperis became Berenice; Teuchira, 

 AIMIIOC; while Barca was eclipsed by its port, 

 which became a city with the name of Ptoleinais. 

 Cyrenaica at length became Human, and under 

 Constantino was constituted into a province as 

 Libya Superior. In the 7th century it was overrun 

 by the Arabs, and now nearly corresponds with 

 Barca (q.v.). 



Cyrene", the capital of Cyrenaica (q.v.), founded 

 in 631 B.C., by a colony of Spartans under Matt us, 

 whose dynasty ruled for nearly two centuries, and 

 was replaced by a republic, which was far from 

 prosperous, until the Roman rule at length gave 

 it rest from party conflicts. During its prosperity 

 Cyrene carried on a great commerce with Greece 

 and Egypt, and to a less extent with Carthage. 

 Its extensive ruins still attest its former magnifi- 

 cence. It is repeatedly mentioned in the New 

 Testament. Here were born the philosophers 

 Aristippus (q.v., founder of the Cyrenaic School), 

 Anniceris, and Carneades, the poet Callimachus, 

 the astronomer Eratosthenes, and the Christian 

 rhetorician and bishop, Synesius. 



Cyreilius, a Grecised form of Publius Sulpicius 

 Quirinus, named in Luke ii. as governor of Syria. 

 He received his appointment as governor in 6 A.D., 

 but the difficulty in harmonising this with Luke is 

 got over by admitting that he had been governor 

 also at an earlier date according to Zumpt, from 



4 B.C. to 1 B.C. 



Cyril and Methodius, apostles of the Slavs, 

 were brothers, and natives of Thessalonica. Cyril 

 was the name adopted as a monk by Constantme, 

 born in 827. He had been a disciple of Photius, 

 and for his learning was surnamed ' the philosopher.' 

 The Khasars, a Tartar people who inhabited the 

 country from the north-east of the Black Sea to the 

 lower Volga, having about the year 860 asked the 

 Emperor Michael III. to send them Christian mis- 

 sionaries, Cyril was sent in answer to their appeal, 

 and made many converts. The Bulgarians of 

 Thrace and Mcesia were evangelised by Methodius, 

 who baptised their king Bogoris in 861. At the 

 request, of Ratislav, Duke of Moravia, the brothers 

 then turned to the countries on the March and 

 Danube. They prepared a Slav translation of 

 the Scriptures and chief liturgical books (which 

 became the foundation of the literature of the 

 Slavs), and by their services in the mother- 

 tongue won the hearts of the people from the 

 Roman missionaries. The two brothers were 

 summoned to Rome to explain their conduct, and 

 Cyril died there in 869. Methodius, who in the 

 same year was consecrated at Rome Bishop of 

 the Moravians, completed the evangelisation of the 

 Slavs. Called to Rome a second time in 879 to 

 justify his celebration of the mass in the native 

 tongue, he succeeded in gaining the approval of 

 Pope John VIII., returned to his diocese in 880, 

 ana (according to the most probable account) 

 died at Hradisch on the March, 6th April 885. 

 Bohemia and Moravia celebrated the millenary 

 festival of their two apostles on the 5th July 1863. 

 Both brothers are recognised as s.-iint- by the 

 Roman Catholic Church, after having been con- 

 demned as Arians by several popes (including 

 Gregory VII.). Their festival falls in the Roman 

 Catholic Church on the 9th of March, in the Greek 

 Church on the llth of May. The Cyrillic alphabet, 

 modified out of the Greek' by Cyril, superseded the 



more ancient Slavonic alphaW over a wide area. 

 The history of Cyril ami Method inn is mill very 

 obscure. The sources are collected by Schafarik in 

 vol. ii. of his Slavixche Altertkumer (Ger. tram*. 2d 

 ed. 1863), and more completely by Ginzel in hi* 

 (Jeschichte der Slawenapostel Cyril und Methotl 

 (Leitmeritz, 1857). See also Dummler and Mik- 

 losich, Die Leaende vvm Heiliaen Cyril ( Vienna, 

 1870). 



Cyril of Alexandria, ST, one of the Fathers 

 of the church, was born at Alexandria, and brought 

 up under the care of his uncle Theophilus, whom, 

 after some years spent as a monk in the Nitrian 

 desert, he succeeded as patriarch of Alexandria in 

 412. Cyril forthwith closed the churches of the 

 Novatians, and in 415 expelled the Jews from the 

 city. With the shameful murder of Hypatia (q.v.) 

 he was at least indirectly connected. The latter 

 part of his life was spent in his relentless persecution 

 of Nestorius (q.v.), against whom, in the name of a 

 synod held at Alexandria in 430, he hurled twelve 

 anathemas for his refusal to apply to the Virgin 

 Mary the epithet Theotokos ('Mother of Goa'). 

 The oecumenical council of Ephesus in 431 con- 

 demned Nestorius, with his doctrine of the two 

 natures in Christ. After this, John of Antioch, 

 with his adherents (numbering from 30 to 40 

 bishops), who had arrived at Ephesus too late to 

 take part in the discussion, constituted a synod of 

 their own, which condemned Cyril. The emperor 

 confirmed both of these depositions, but Cyril, not- 

 withstanding, kept his patriarchate till his death 

 in 444. On nearing of his death, Theodoret wrote, 

 ' Envy is dead, and heresy is buried with her. ' 

 Among the extant works of Cyril are a defence 

 of Christianity, in 10 books, written against the 

 Emperor Julian in 433 ; a series of homilies and 

 dogmatic treatises on the Trinity, the Incarnation, 

 and on the Worship of God in spirit and in truth 

 ( 17 books, written against the Anthropomorphites). 

 The best edition of his works is that of Aubert 

 (7 vols. Paris, 1638). See Neander's Church 

 History, Newman's Historical Sketches (vol. ii. ), 

 Kingsley's Hypatia, Hefele's History of the Councils 

 (vol. ii.), and Kopallik, Cyril von Alexandria 

 (Mainz, 1881). 



Cyril of Jerusalem, ST, was born probably 

 about 315, but his descent and birthplace are 

 unknown. About 334 he was ordained a deacon, 

 and about 345 a presbyter. During the Arian con- 

 troversies he endeavoured to maintain a neutral 

 attitude, and in 351 was ordained Bishop of Jeru- 

 salem by Acacius, Bishop of Csesarea, who was 

 an Arian. Cyril having repeatedly disregarded 

 citations by Acacius, his metropolitan, was deposed 

 by him in 358, and by a synod at Constantinople in 

 360 ; but on the accession of Julian in 361 he re- 

 turned to his flock, which he ruled in peace till 367, 

 when, by order of Valens, he was again expelled. 

 He returned to Jerusalem on the death of Valens 

 in 378, took part in the second oecumenical council 

 at Constantinople, and died on the 18th (according 

 to other accounts, on the llth or 20th) March 386. 

 The genuine writings of Cyril are his KatichStei* 

 (or instructions to catechumens), eighteen of which 

 are addressed to candidates for baptism, and five to 

 the newly baptised. They are not in the form of 

 question and answer, but are connected lectures, 

 written in a style of great simplicity and clearness, 

 and making constant reference to Scripture, The 

 articles of the creed (called by Cyril Pisti*, or the 

 'Faith') on which the teaclung is based can be 

 gathered with tolerable certainty from the last 

 thirteen of the first series of the Katechfseis, and 

 are distinguished from those of the Nicene Creed 

 by the avoidance of its distinctive word Homoousios 

 ('of the same substance'). The best editions are 



