CYSTIN 



CZASLAU 



647 



by the accumulation of products within cavities 

 normally present, <>r ('2) by the independent forma- 

 tion of a cavity. Of the first, wens, collections of 

 secretion in a sebaceous gland of the skin, are the 

 rommonesi example; instances of the second are 

 c-\stic (iiinoui-M of the Ovary (q.v. ) and the sacs 

 de\ doped iii connection with certain parasites 

 i Madder- worms;' see HYDATID, E.NTO/UA ). The 

 tincture of their walk in still more variable tlian 

 tln-ir mode of in i-in ; sometimes they are thin and 

 transparent, sometimes dense and fibrous. They 

 are either simple or compound, unilocular or 

 multilocular ; they are sometimes small, numerous, 

 and separate; in other cases they grow to an 

 enormous size, and are very complex. Some cysts 

 are present at birth, and remain through life 

 almost unchanged ; some increase rapidly in size, 

 and form large and dangerous tumours. For Cystic 

 Worms, Cysticercus, see BLADDER- WORM, CES- 

 TOID WORMS, TAPEWORMS. 



Cystill, or CYSTIC OXIDE, forms a rare variety 

 of urinary Calculus (a. v.). Its chemical composi- 

 tion i.- r.,M 7 NSO 8 , ana it forms a whitish or dirty 

 yellow deposit consisting of six-sided crystalline 

 tablets. It is soluble in ammonia, and is thereby 

 distinguished from the similar crystals of uric 

 acid. 



Cystitis, inflammation of the Bladder (q.v.). 



Cystoidea ((.Jr. cystis, 'a bladder'), a group of 

 fossil echinoderms, so called from their spherical or 

 bladder-like form. The spherical body was inclosed 

 by calcareous plates, and resembled that of the 

 crinoids in general form. It was borne on a 

 short stalk, or was sessile. See CRINOIDEA. 



Cythe'ra. See CERIGO. 



Cy'tisus ? a large genus of Leguminosae, sub- 

 order PapihonaceiE, small trees or shrubs, with 

 ternate leaves, and yellow, white, or purple flowers, 

 natives chiefly of the warmer temperate parts of 

 the Old World, but frequently introduced on 

 account of the beauty of their flowers (see LABUR- 

 NUM). In its widest sense the genus may include 

 the common Broom (q.v.). 



CyzicilS* the ancient name of a peninsula of 

 Asia Minor, projecting into the Sea of Marmora, 

 which lies immediately to the SE. of the island of 

 Marmora, and is about 9 miles in length. It was 

 at one time an island. In early times Cyzicus 

 was a Milesian colony, and the city of Cyzicus, 

 which was not finally ruined till its conquest by 

 the Arabs in 675, is described by Strabo as one 

 of the first cities in Asia, alike for extent and 

 splendour. 



Czar, more properly Tsar, Tzar, or Zar, the 

 title of the emperors of Russia. The word occurs 

 early in Old Slavonic, equivalent to king or / /./, 

 and is connected with tne Latin C'utsar, continued 

 in ilic Roman empire as a title of honour long after 

 the imperial house itself had become extinct. In 

 the Slavonic Bible the word basileus is rendered by 

 czar; Ca-sar (kaisnr) by Cesar. In the Russian 

 chronicles also the Byzantine emperors are styled 

 c/ars, as are also the khans of the Mongols who 

 ruled over Russia. The title of the Russian princes 

 was kniuzC prince') and reliki ktiiitz ('great prince') : 

 and the princes of Moscow took the title of czar 

 as rulers of the Mongolians. As individual sub- 

 khans made themselves independent of the king- 

 dom of the Golden Horde, they also assumed the 

 title of czar ; thus, there were czars of Sil>eria, 

 of Kasan, and of Astrakhan. The conquest of 

 the Golden Horde by the khan of the Crimea in 

 1480 made the grand-princes of Moscow completely 

 independent ; and upon them devolved the absolute 

 power which the czars had exercised over all 

 Russia. Ivan IV. the Terrible first caused him- 



self to be crowned czar in 1547 ; from that time 

 the title of czar became, the chief title of the 

 Muscovite rulers, and became practically the 

 equivalent of emperor. The wife of the czar 

 was named tzaritza (czarina); the HOIIH, tzure- 

 witch ; the daughters, tzarevna ; but after the 

 death of Alexei Peter I.'s son these titles were 

 abolished, and the ini|>erial princes were called 

 grand-dukes, and the imperial princesses grand- 

 uuchesses. In 1799 the Emperor Paul I. intro- 

 duced the title of cesarewitch (not czarewitch) 

 for his second son, the Grand-duke Constantine. 

 The heir-apparent and his wife are still called 

 cesarevitch and cesarevna. Among the Russian 

 people themselves, the emperor is more fiequently 

 called Gossudar (Hospodar, 'Lord') than czar. 

 The term White Czar, b&lyj zar', conies down from 

 Mongol times, and is merely equivalent to an in- 

 dependent, non-tribute-paying czar. See RUSSIA. 



Czardasch, or CsARDAs, a Hungarian national 

 dance, consisting of two sections a slow move- 

 ment called a lansu or lassun, and a quickstep, 

 the friss or friska. Both are always in f or 

 \ time, and in the same key. Examples on an 

 extended scale occur in Liszt's ' Rhapsodies Hon- 

 groises. ' 



Czartoryski, ADAM GEORGE, son of Prince 

 Adam Czartoryski (1734-1823), was born at 

 Warsaw, 14th .January 1770. Educated at Edin- 

 burgh and London, he returned to Poland, and 

 took part against Russia in the war of 1794. 

 Sent to St Petersburg as a hostage, he gained 

 the friendship of the Grand-duke Alexander and 

 the confidence of the Emperor Paul, who made 

 him ambassador to Sardinia. Wlien Alexander 

 ascended the throne, he appointed Czartoryski 

 assistant to the Minister of Foreign Affairs ; and 

 he took an active part in oflicial life until after 

 the peace of Tilsit. As curator of the university 

 of Wilna (1803) he exerted all his influence to 

 keep alive a spirit of nationality ; and when some 

 of tne students were sent to Siberia on a charge 

 of sedition, Czartoryski resigned his office. His 

 successor reported to the emperor that the amalga- 

 mation of Russia and Lithuania had been delayed 

 a century by Czartoryski. Russian favours could 

 not deaden or even dull Czartoryski's- pure 

 patriotism. Into the revolution of 1830 he threw 

 himself with all his heart. He was elected 

 president of a provisional government, and in 

 this capacity summoned a national diet, which 

 in January 1831 declared the Polish throne 

 vacant, and elected C/artoryski head of the 

 national government. He immediately devoted 

 half of his large estates to the public service, 

 and adopted energetic measures to meet the power 

 of Russia. In August he lesigned his post, but 

 continued to fight as a common soldier. After 

 the suppression of the rising (see POLAND), Czar- 

 toryski specially excluded from the general am- 

 nesty, ami his estates in Poland confiscated 

 escaped to Paris, where he afterwards resided, the 

 literal friend of his poor expatriated countrymen, 

 and the centre of their hope of a revived nation- 

 ality. In 1848 he liberated all his serfs in Galicia, 

 and" during the Crimean war he ineffectually en- 

 deavoured to induce the allies to identify the cause 

 of Poland with that of Turkey. He refused the 

 amnesty offered to him by Alexander II., and died 

 15th July 1861. See his Memoirs, translated by 

 Gielgud (1888). 



Czaslau (Bohemian Cdslav), a town of Bo- 

 hemia, 40 miles ESE. of Prague by rail, with 

 manufactures of beet-sugar and alcohol. Its 

 church, in which the Hussite leader Ziska was 

 buried, is surmounted ' by the highest steeple in 

 Bohemia (290 feet). The place was the scene of 



