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CZECHS 



an important victory gained over the Austrians 

 by Frederick the Great, 17th May 1742. Pop. 

 (1890) 8396. 



Czechs ( also spelt Tzechs, Tschechs, CesJcs, Ches- 

 kians, &c. ), the most westerly branch of the great 

 Slavic family of nations. In the latter half of the 

 5th century A.D. the Czechs migrated from their 

 lands in Carpathia, on the upper Vistula, to the 

 country now known as Bohemia. Other Slavic 

 tribes came too ; but in the course of time the 

 Czechs gained such an ascendency that, in the 

 9th century, their name was commonly applied to 

 the whole Slavic population of Bohemia (q.v.). 

 Here, in Moravia, and in other parts of Austria, 

 the Czechs now number in all some 7,000,000. 



Czegled, a market-town of Hungary, 47 miles 

 SE. of Pesth by rail. The inhabitants (1890), 

 27,549 in number, are employed principally in 

 agricultural pursuits, the district around yielding 

 much grain and red wine. 



Czenstoehau, or CZENSTOCHOWA, a town of 

 Poland, 148 miles SW. of Warsaw by rail. A 

 Catholic monastery, founded here about 1382, is 

 visited yearly by fifty to sixty thousand pilgrims, 

 as possessing the famous ' Black Virgin,' a murky 

 painting of Byzantine origin, but ascribed by 

 legend to St Luke himself. In 1655 Czenstochau 

 was the only place in Poland which offered resist- 

 ance to Charles Gustavus of Sweden, when 70 

 monks and 150 soldiers for 38 days held out 

 against 10,000 men. The inhabitants, 15,500 in 

 number, carry on a considerable trade in sacred 

 pictures and rosaries. 



Czermak, JOHANN NEPOMUK, physiologist, 

 was born, 17th June 1828, in Prague, studied at 

 Vienna, Breslau, and Wiirzburg, was professor 

 successively at Cracow, Pesth, Jena, and Leipzig, 

 and died 16th September 1873. He was the 

 founder of laryngoscopy. His principal work is 

 Der Kehlkopf spiegel (2d ed. 1863), and his collected 

 works were published in 1879. 



Czerno'witz, the capital of the Austrian 

 province of Bukowina, stands 720 feet above sea- 

 level, near the right bank of the Pruth, 165 rniles 

 SE. of Lemberg by rail. Among its buildings 

 are the palace of a Greek archbishop (1875); his 

 cathedral (1864), on the model of St Isaac's at St 



CZERNY 



Petersburg; the Armenian church (1875); the 

 synagogue ( 1877 ) ; and the ' Austria Monument ' 

 (1875). The university, founded in 1875, has 

 36 instructors and some*225 students. The manu- 

 factures and trade are steadily developing. Pop. 

 (1869) 33,884 ; (1880) 45,600, of whom 14,449 were 

 Jews; (1890)57,403. 



Czerny George (Turkish Karadjordje] i.e. 

 Black George, the leader of the Servians in their 

 struggles for independence, was born of poor 

 parents, 21st December 1766, near Kragujevatch. 

 He took part in a rising against the Turks in 

 1787, and was subsequently a cattle-dealer. In 

 August 1801, a band of janizaries broke into his 

 dwelling, and plundered it. Czerny fled, vowing 

 vengeance. He soon collected a band of mal- 

 contents, and commenced a sort of guerilla war. 

 Gradually his numbers increased, and in 1804 he 

 captured the fortress of Schabaz. Subsequently, 

 he invested Belgrade, and in the beginning of 1806 

 routed the Turks at the rivers Drina and Morawa. 

 Assisted secretly by Russia, he captured Belgrade 

 in December 1806. After the treaty of Slobosje 

 (8th July 1808), he was elected governor by the 

 people, and recognised as Prince of Servia by the 

 sultan. The French invasion of Russia in 1812 

 compelled the latter country to let Servia shift for 

 itself. Hostilities recommenced ; the Turks were 

 successful, and Czerny had to flee to Austria, 

 where he lived for some time. Meanwhile, the 

 freedom of Servia had again been secured through 

 the leadership .of Milosch Obrenowitch ; and when, 

 in July 1817, Czerny returned, he was murdered 

 at the instigation of Prince Milosch. 



Czerny, KARL, pianoforte teacher and com- 

 poser, born at Vienna in 1791, was the pupil and 

 friend of Beethoven, and also gained much from 

 Clement! and Hummel. Besieged by pupils, he 

 would teach only those who showed especial 

 talent ; among these were Liszt, Thalberg, and 

 Dohler. Living in great retirement, he devoted 

 much of his time to composition ; a mass of MS. 

 is preserved in the archives of Vienna, while his 

 published works number over 900, of which his 

 Theoretical and Practical School is the best known, 

 and probably also the most valuable. He died 

 15th July 1857. 



