658 



DALAI-LAMA 



D'ALEMBERT 



but the far greater part of the Dakotas belongs to 

 the Mississippi valley. The leading agricultural 

 products are spring wheat of high grade, the staple 

 product of the Red River basin ; maize, which does 

 well throughout a large part of the states ; flax, 

 raised chiefly for the oil of its seed ; oats, rye, bar- 

 ley, buckwheat, potatoes, and hay. Fruit-growing 

 is receiving a rapid development. Hops grow wild 

 and of good quality in certain sections. The rear- 

 ing of live-stock is very important, the cattle-ranch 

 system prevailing in the less settled districts ; the 

 Bad Lands, formerly regarded as worthless, are 

 now specially valued as suitable for cattle-raising. 

 The Indian reservations occupy a total of 21,328sq. 

 m., of which 15,371 sq. m. are in South Dakota; total 

 Indian population, 26,995 in 1898. The area still 

 open for settlement is about 30,000 sq. m. in North 

 Dakota, and about 20,000 sq. m. in South Dakota. 

 Immigration has gone on at a rapid rate, the larger 

 proportion of the settlers coming from the older 

 northern states and Canada ; but many come from 

 Scandinavia, Britain, and Germany, and not a few 

 (Mennonites) from Russia. The construction of 

 railways has been pushed, preceding, rather than 

 following, the settlement of the country. The 

 aggregate mileage in 1897 was 5346, of which 

 2547 miles were in North Dakota and ^799 miles 

 were in South Dakota. Abundant provision has 

 been made for the educational needs of the coun- 

 try : beside the district free-schools, each state has 

 a state normal school for the training of teachers, 

 a state university, an agricultural college, a school 

 of mines, and a system of teachers' institutes, and 

 other universities and colleges. North Dakota 

 has 39 counties, and South Dakota 69. Among the 

 principal towns of North Dakota are Bismarck, the 

 capital, Fargo, Wahpeton, Grand Forks, Pembina, 

 Jamestown, &c. ; of South Dakcta, Pierre, the 

 capital, on the Missouri River, Deadwood, in the 

 Black Hills, Sioux Falls, Yankton, Watertown, &c. 



Pop. of the territory of Dakota (1860) 4837; 

 (1870) 14,181 ; (1880) 135,177. Area of North Da- 

 kota 70,795 sq. m. ; pop. in 1890, 182,719. Area of 

 South Dakota 77,650 sq. m. ; pop. in 1890, 328,808. 



History. The first real and permanent white 

 settlement in Dakota was probably established by 

 French Canadian settlers near Pembina about 1780. 

 Lord Selkirk in 1812, by a mistake, built his fort of 

 Pembina south of the Canadian line ; there were 

 fur- trading posts established at least as early as 

 1808. By a treaty with the Dakota. Indians in 

 1851 a large part of the country was opened to 

 white settlement. The territory was established 

 and organised in 1861. Yankton was the capital 

 until 1883, when Bismarck became the seat of 

 government. During the congressional session of 

 1888-89 provision was made to admit it into the Union 

 as two states North Dakota and South Dakota. 



Dalai'-Lama. See LAM A ISM. 



Dalbeattie, a town of Kirkcudbrightshire, 

 near Urr Water, 15 miles SW. of Dumfries. 

 Founded in 1780, it owed its importance to the 

 neighbouring Craignair granite-quarries (now to a 

 large extent exhausted), and to its polishing- works, 

 which furnished granite for the Liverpool and 

 Odessa Docks, the Thames Embankment, and 

 many more works, both at home and abroad. Pop. 

 ( 1841 ) 1430 ; ( 1881 ) 3861 ; ( 1891 ) 3149. 



Dalberg, the name of an ancient and noble 

 German family which long held by hereditary right 

 the office of chamberlain to the archbishopric of 

 Worms. So great was the renown of the Dalberg 

 family, that at every coronation of a German 

 emperor the royal herald exclaimed : ' Is there no 

 Dalberg here ? ' whereupon the representative of 

 the family kneeled, and received from the neAV 

 emperor the dignity of ' first knight of the empire. ' 



One of the most eminent members of this family was 

 Karl Theodor (1744-1817), the last prince-bishop of 

 Mainz, who, trained for the church, held numerous 

 high offices, and ultimately became elector of 

 Mainz, chancellor of the empire, and primate of 

 Germany. He was a friend of Wieland, Herder, 

 Goethe, and Schiller, and wrote works on history, 

 philosophy, and esthetics. 



Dalbergia. a tropical genus of papilionaceous 

 trees and climbers. Some of them are valuable 

 timber-trees, particularly the Sissoo of Bengal 

 (D. Sissoo) and D. melanoxylon cf Senegal 

 (Senegal Ebony, q.v. ). D. monetaria, of Surinam, 

 yields a resin very similar to Dragon's Blood. 



Dale, DAVID, was born 6th January 1739 at 

 Stewarton in Ayrshire. Early apprenticed to a 

 Paisley weaver, he afterwards travelled some time 

 round the country, buying up the homespun linen 

 yarn, next became clerk to a silk-mercer, then 

 an importer of French and Dutch yarns. On 

 Arkwright's visiting Scotland it was agreed that 

 he and Dale should engage in cotton-spinning 

 together at New Lanark near the Falls of Clyde. 

 There Dale built mills, and became prosperous. In 

 1799 lie sold these mills to a Manchester company 

 whose manager was the famous Robert Owen, 

 husband of Dale's daughter. Dale spent his last 

 years in active works of benevolence in Glasgow, 

 and in preaching to a church of his own which 

 called itself the 'Old Independents.' He died at 

 Glasgow, 17th March 1806. 



Dalecarlia, or DALARNE (signifying 'valley- 

 country'), an old province of central Sweden, now 

 forming the Ian or county of Kopparberg. The 

 Dalecarlians are celebrated for the part they took 

 under Gustavus Vasa in freeing their country from 

 the yoke of Christian II. of Denmark. 



D'Alembert, JEAN LE ROND, mathematician 

 and encyclopaedist, was born in Paris, November 

 16, 1717, and was found the day after his birth near 

 the church of St Jean-le-Rond, from which he 

 derived his name the surname he himself added 

 long after. He was the illegitimate son of Madame 

 de Tencin and the Chevalier Destouches, and was 

 brought up by the wife of a poor glazier ; but his 

 father, without publicly acknowledging the pater- 

 nity, secured to him an allowance of 1200 francs 

 a year. At twelve the boy entered the College 

 Mazarin, where he soon showed his lifelong passion 

 for mathematical studies. On leaving college, he 

 returned to the humble home of his kind foster- 

 mother, where he continued to live and pursue his 

 favourite studies for thirty years, broken only by 

 two ineffectual attempts to earn a living by law and 

 medicine. ' You will never,' said his foster-mother, 

 ' be anything but a philosopher ; and what is a 

 philosopher, but a fool who torments himself during 

 his life that people may talk about him when he is 

 dead ? ' His first distinction was admission at 

 twenty-three to the Academy of Sciences. Two 

 years later appeared his Traite de Dynamique, 

 which reduces all the laws of motion to the con- 

 sideration of Equilibrium, thereby making an 

 epoch in mechanical philosophy. Later works 

 were Reflexions sur le Cause generale des Vents, 

 which gained the prize of the Academy of Berlin, 

 1746, and which contains the first conception and 

 use of the Calculus of Partial Differences ; Traite 

 de rfiquilibre et du Mouvement des Fluides ( 1744) ; 

 Recherches sur la Precession des Equinoxes et sur la 

 Mutation de I' Axe de la Terre ( 1749 ) ; and Recherches 

 sur Differ ents Points Importants du Systeme du 

 Monde ( 1754 ). His Opuscules Mathematiques ( 8 vols. 

 1761-80) contain an immense number of memoirs, 

 some on new subjects, some containing develop- 

 ments of his previous works. 



But D'Alembert did not confine himself to 



