DALMAU 



DALYELL 



661 



woodcut, after an early Christian painting on a 

 wall in the catacombs at Rome. It was originally 



of linen, but it is 

 now generally made 

 of the same heavy 

 silk as the Chasuble 

 (q.v.). 



Dalniau, acitv 

 of Oudh, on the left 

 bank of the Ganges, 

 60 miles NW. of 

 Allahabad, with a 

 magnificent Hindu 

 temple. Pop. 5367. 



Dalinelling- 

 ton, an Ayrshire 

 village, near the 

 river Doon, 15J 

 miles SE. of Ayr 

 by rail. In its 

 vicinity are many 

 active collieries 

 and ironworks. 



Dalmatic. Pop. of the village 



alone, about 1500. 



Dalri'ada ('the home of the descendants of 

 Riada ' ), the ancient name of a territory in Ireland, 

 comprehending what is now called ' the Route,' or 

 the northern half of County Antrim. Its inhabit- 

 ants were Scots of Gaelic race living in the midst 

 of a Pictish population, and a number of them 

 crossed over to Argyll in 498 and founded there 

 another kingdom of Dalriada. More than twenty 

 kings of this state are enumerated before Kenneth 

 MacAlpin, who, about 843, united under one 

 sceptre the Dalriads or Scots and the Picts, and 

 thus became the first king of Alban, which about 

 two centuries afterwards began to be known as 

 Scotia or Scotland. 



Dairy, a town of Ayrshire, on the Garnock, 23 

 miles SW. of Glasgow. Pop. (1851) 2796; (1891) 

 4572, this growth being due to the establishment of 

 neighbouring ironworks in 1845. For the skirmish 

 at Dairy, near Tyndrum, see BRUCE. 



Dalrymple, ALEXANDER, hydrographer, was 

 a younger brother of Sir David Dalrymple, Lord 

 Hailes, and was thus a member of an old and illus- 

 trious Scottish family (for its chief members, see 

 STAIR and HAILES) ; he was born at New Hailes, 

 near Edinburgh, 24th July 1737. At fifteen he 

 sailed for Madras as writer in the East India 

 Company's service, and after a few years' dreary 

 work began to attract the notice of his superiors 

 by his industry and intelligence. In 1759 he made 

 a voyage of observation among the eastern islands, 

 and after returning to Madras in 1762, was sent 

 to open up the trade with Sulu, reaching Canton 

 late in 1764. In 1775 he went to Madras as a 

 member of council, but was recalled two years 

 after on an unfounded charge of misconduct. He 

 became hydrographer to the East India Company 

 in 1779, and to the Admiralty in 1795, and (lieu, 

 three weeks after his summary dismissal from the 

 latter ottice, 19th June 1808. 



Dalrymple, SIR JAMES, was the second son of 

 Sir James Dalrymple, baronet, afterward* first 

 Viscount Stair. He was called to the Scottish 

 bar in 1675, and ultimately became one of the chief 

 clerks of the Court of Session, and a Nova Scotia 

 baronet in 1698. He was a sound antiquary, and 

 his work entitled Collections concerning the Scottish 

 History preceding 1153 (Edin. 1705) is still of value. 



Dalton, JOHN, chemist and physicist, was born 

 6th September 1766, at Eaglesnefd, near Cocker- 

 mouth, in Cumberland, and was the son of a Quaker 

 weaver. He received his early education at a 



Quaker school in his native place, and, after 1781, 

 in a tioarding-ftchool kept by a relative in Kendal, 

 of which three years later he and a brother l>ecarne 

 the proprietors. Here bin love of mathematical and 

 physical studies was first develo|>ed. He wrote 

 several mathematical essays, and in 1787 com- 

 menced a journal of meteorological olmervation, 

 \\liich he continued throughout lii- whole life, 

 recording in all 200,000 oltservationg. He collected 

 butterflies, and gathered a great hortiiH HICCUS and 

 herbarium. In 1793 he was appointed teacher of 

 mathematics and the physical sciences in New Col 

 lege, Manchester: after tne removal of the college to 

 York in 1799, he supported himself in Manchester 

 1>\ private tuition. In 1803 he lectured at the 

 Royal Institution. His Meteorological Observation* 

 (1793), dealing largely with auroras, contained the 

 .u"-MMs of many of his future discoveries. In 1794 he 

 first described the phenomena of colour-blindness, 

 observed by him in his own case and that of his 

 brother, and often called Daltonism. In 1808-10 

 he published his New System of Chemical Philo- 

 sophy, to which he added the first part of a second 

 volume in 1827. In 1817 he was appointed presi- 

 dent of the Manchester Philosophical Society. He 

 was also a member of the Royal Society, and an 

 associate of the Paris A can<en| y> an ^ of several 

 other foreign societies. In 1833 he received a pen- 

 sion of 150, afterwards raised to 300. In the 

 same year Dalton's friends and fellow-townsmen 

 collected 2000, to raise a statue to his honour, 

 which was executed Ivy Chantrey, and placed at 

 the entrance of the Royal Institution in Man- 

 chester. Oxford gave him its D.C.L., and Edin- 

 burgh, LL.D. He was twice a vice-president of 

 the British Association. In 1837 he had a shock 

 of paralysis, and he died, universally respected, 

 at Manchester, July 27, 1844. His chief physical 

 researches were on the constitution of mixed gases, 

 on the force of steam, on the elasticity of vapours, 

 and on the expansion of gases by heat. In 

 chemistry, he distinguished himself by his develop- 

 ment of the atomic theory, as also by nis researches 

 on the absorption of gases by water, on carbonic 

 acid, carburetted hydrogen, "&c. Dalton was un- 

 questionably one of the greatest chemists that any 

 country has produced. Profound, patient, and 

 intuitive, he had precisely the faculties requisite 

 for a great scientific discoverer. His atomic theory 

 elevated chemistry into a science. In his habits, 

 Dalton was simple ; in manners, grave and re- 

 served, but kindly, and distinguished by his truth- 

 fulness and integrity of character. He ' never 

 found time ' to marry. See Lives bv Angus Smith 

 (1836) ; Henry (1854); Lonsdale ( 1874) ; and Sir H. 

 Roscoe (1895) ; and the article ATOMIC THEORY. 



Dalton-in-Flirness, a town of Lancashire, 16 

 miles WNW. of Lancaster, communicating with 

 the sea by a canal (3$ miles). It has extensive 

 malting and ironworks ; and the ruins of Funiess 

 Abbey (q.v.) are in the vicinity. Romney was a 

 native. Pop. ( 1861 ) 2812 ; ( 1890) 13,300. 



Daltonism* See COLOUR-BLINDNESS. 



Dalyell, or DALZKLL, THOMAS, a Scottish 

 general famed for his zeal in the repression of the 

 Covenanters, was born about 1599, the son of 

 Thomas Dalyell of Binns, Linlithgowshire. Enter- 

 ing the army at an early age he was made a general 

 major of foot by Charles II. in 1650 ; and excluded 

 from Cromwell's Act of Grace, he entered the 

 service of Russia and distinguished himself in 

 the wars against the Tartars and Turks. At the 

 request of Charles II. he was permitted to return 

 home, and in 1666 was appointed commander-in- 

 chief in Scotland with the view of repressing the 

 Covenanters. On 28th November he defeated them 

 at Rullion Green, in the Pentlands, and, in Burnet's 



