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DARBOY 



had procured civil employment there, then returned 

 to England with her son, tended her-father till his 

 death in April 1814, and in the beginning of the 

 same year published her last novel, The Wanderer, 

 another literary failure. At the first Restoration 

 she joined her husband in Paris, was at Brussels 

 during the battle of Waterloo, and soon after re- 

 turned finally to E gland with her husband, who 

 died 3d May 1818. Her son was tenth wran'gler at 

 Cambridge that year, took orders, became minister 

 at Ely chapel in 1836, and died of rapid decline the 

 year after. In 1832 Madame D'Arblay published 

 her memoirs of her fatlier, written in pretentious 

 style ; she died 6th January 1840. P'ive vol- 

 umes of her Letters and Diaries were published in 

 1842, two more volumes in 1846, and the Early 

 Diary in 1890. Spite of its tedious triviality this 

 work is invaluable from the insight it gives us into 

 the very heart of the dull decorous court of George 

 III., and much more for its revelation of English 

 manners towards the end of last century. Its stories 

 of Dr Johnson and his group will live in literary 

 history. Croker's ill-tempered attacks on her 

 veracity for allowing an impression to go abroad 

 that Evelina had been written at seventeen, printed 

 in the Quarterly Review for April 1833 and June 

 1842, were satisfactorily answered by Macaulay in 

 the Edinburgh Revieiv for January 1843. As a 

 novelist, Frances Burney's greatest merit is that 

 she conceived the idea of representing modern 

 society in a manner realistic without ceasing to be 

 feminine and completely artistic. She was the 

 forerunner of Miss Edgeworth and Jane Austen, 

 Avho were both greater than herself. The latter's 

 admiration for her model is imperishably written 

 in a passage in Northanger A bbey. 



Darboy, GEORGES, an ill-fated Archbishop of 

 Paris, was born 16th January 1813 at Fayl-Biilot, 

 in Haute-Marne. He was educated at the seminary 

 of Langres, and four years after his ordination as 

 priest (1836) was appointed a professor there. In 

 1845 he came to Pans, where his reputation as trans- 

 lator of Dionysius the Areopagite had preceded 

 him. In 1854 he was made protonotary apostolic, 

 in 1859 Bishop of Nancy, and in 1863 Archbishop 

 of Paris. He strenuously upheld the Gallican 

 theory of episcopal independence, and waged a 

 long struggle with the Jesuits that lost him 

 the favour of the holy see. At the Vatican 

 Council he opposed with vigour the,, declaration 

 of the papal infallibility, but when the dogma 

 was finally adopted, was one of the first to set 

 the example of submission. During the German 

 siege of Paris he was unceasing in labours of 

 benevolence, and during the brief but dreadful 

 triumpk of the Commune he refused to leave his 

 Hock. Arrested as a hostage by the Communists, 

 4th April 1871, he was shot in the court of the 

 prison of La Roquette on the 24th of May. He 

 died with the heroic courage of the Christian 

 martyr, words of forgiveness on his lips, and his 

 hands lifted in blessing as he fell. His two im- 

 mediate predecessors had likewise died a bloody 

 death Sibour murdered during the celebration of 

 a religious rite ( January 3, 1857 ) ; Afire shot down 

 on the barricades (June 1848). Darboy's body was 

 reinterred in a stately public funeral, 5th June 

 1871. See Foulon's Vie de Darboy ( 1889). 



Darbyites, a name often applied to the Ply- 

 mouth Brethren (q.v. ) from their principal founder, 

 John Nelson Darby (1800-82), of whose collected 

 writings thirty-two volumes have appeared (1867- 

 83). See his Personal Recollections ( 1881 ). 



D'Arc. See JOAN OF ARC. 



Dardanelles ( the ancient Hellespont), a narrow 

 channel separating Europe from Asia, and uniting 

 the Sea of Marmora Avith the Archipelago. The 



DAR-FUR 



name is derived from the ancient city of Dardanus 

 in the Troad, on the southern shore ; and Dardanus 

 was named from the Dardani, an ancient people 

 farther inland. The strait extends from north-east 

 to south-west, and has a length of about 40 miles, 

 and a breadth varying from 1 to 4 miles. From 

 the Sea of Marmora a strong current runs through 

 the strait to the Archipelago. Both sides are 

 strongly fortified. A treaty concluded between 

 the five great powers and Turkey in 1841 arranged 

 that no ship of war belonging to any nation save 

 Turkey should pass the Dardanelles without the 

 express consent of Turkey ; all merchant-ships 

 being also required to show their papers to the 

 Ottoman authorities. These provisions were con- 

 firmed at London in 1871 and at Berlin in 1878, 

 in the February of which year a British fleet 

 had sailed into the Sea of Marmora. The Dar- 

 danelles is celebrated in ancient history on account 

 of Xerxes and Alexander having crossed it, the 

 former in 480 B. c. to enter Europe ; and the latter 

 in 334 B.C. to enter Asia. The point at which 

 Xerxes crossed, by two separate bridges, was 

 in the neighbourhood of Abydos, on the Asiatic 

 shore, opposite to Sestos. Alexander crossed at 

 nearly the same place ; and here also young 

 Leander nightly swam across to visit Hero a feat 

 performed in 1810 by Lord Byron. 



DardanilS, a son of Zeus and Electra, the 

 mythical ancestor of the Trojans, and through 

 them of the Romans. Originally a king in Arcadia, 

 he migrated to Samothrace, thence to Asia, where 

 King Teucer gave him the site of his town, Dar- 

 dania. He married a daughter of Teucer, and his 

 grandson was the eponymous hero Tros, who re- 

 moved his grandfather's Palladium to Troy. 



Dardistan is the name given to a region of 

 Central Asia, bordering on Baltistan, the north- 

 western portion of Cashmere. The country, which 

 consists of lofty mountains and high-lying valleys, 

 is little known, and its limits are variously given. 

 But its interest depends mainly on the fact that 

 its inhabitants, the Dards, are an Aryan people, 

 speaking a Sanskritic tongue mixed with Persian 

 words. They had been called ' Stray Aryans in 

 Tibet,' and are Moslems converted from Buddhism 

 at a comparatively recent period : the rajah of Cash- 

 mere is constantly endeavouring to subject them 

 completely to his authority. The chief districts 

 are Hasora, Gilghit, and Tassin ; some would also 

 include Chitral (q.v. ) in Dardistan. See Leitner"s 

 Tour in Dardistan (1867-70), and CASHMERE. 



Dar-es-salaam, a seaport of German East 

 Africa, 45 miles S. of Zanzibar. Pop. 4000. 



Dares the Phrygian. See TROY, X. 309. 



Dar-fertit is the name of the thinly peopled 

 territory south of Dar-Fur, beyond the Bahr-el- Arab, 

 and north of the Niam-Niam country. Schwein- 

 furth was here in 1870. 



Dar-Fur, a country of Central Africa, one of 

 the divisions of the Sudan or ' Land of the Blacks,' 

 situated approximately in .10 to 16 N. lat., and 

 in 22 to 28 E. long. ; but its limits are not clearly 

 defined. It is hilly in parts, and traversed by a 

 mountainous ridge called Marra, which is the 

 source of numerous streams. Towards the north 

 it is level, sandy, and almost destitute of water. 

 During the rainy season (June September) it 

 exhibits a rich vegetation. The principal pro- 

 ducts are wheat, millet, rice, maize, and sesame. 

 Tobacco, which is used by the natives in every 

 form, abounds. Water-melons, also, are abundant 

 during the rainy season. Among the fruits are 

 tamarinds and dates. The chief minerals are copper 

 and iron. The wealth of the inhabitants con- 

 sists principally in cattle. Horses, sheep, camels. 



