DARK AGES 



DARMESTETER 



681 



yi'-ld steadily increased in 1875-95. Tlie district 

 miH'ered fruiii earthquake in 1H99. 



Dark Ages. See A<JK. 



Darley, FELIX OCTAVIUS CARR, an American 



miiM, \MI"S l.ni ii at Philadelphia, June '23, 1822. 

 lit- .-.uly gave himself to drawing with such 

 -ii>-.-es8 as to encourage linn t<> ilt'vote himself 

 exclusively in art, esjiocially in the form of lunik 

 illustration. His earliest important work was a 

 series of drawings for the Lifintry of Humoron-s 

 American 1 1 '>/. .v, after producing which he went 

 to New York (1848), where his outline drawings 

 to Washington Irving's Legend of Sleeiii/ llnt/aw 

 and Itip Van Winkle soon spread wide Ins reputa- 

 tion. Later works, not less popular, are his illus- 

 t i.uioiis of Judd's Minymrt, and to Cooper's, 

 Dickens's, and Simms's novels. In 18(58, after 

 some years' residence in Europe, he published 

 both illustrations and letterpress of Sketches A broad 

 with, I',, > ,in,l I'cHcil. Died March 27, 1888. 



Darling, a name applied to a river, a mountain- 

 range, and two districts in Australia, is derived from 

 Lieutenant-general Sir Ralph Darlin" ( 1775-1859), 

 who was governor of New South Wales ( 1825-31 ). 

 ( 1 ) The river Darling, a tributary of the Murray 

 River, is formed by the union of several head-streams, 

 all of which rise in the great Dividing Range. The 

 chief of these head-streams are the Barwon and 

 Gwydir. Farther down, the Darling receives the 

 Culgoa and the Warrego from the north, and the 

 Bogan from the south. Its length, with affluents, 

 is stated at 1160 miles, and it and its tributaries 

 are estimated to drain an area of 198,000 sq. m. 

 It joins the Murray at Wentworth, on the border 

 between New South Wales and South Australia, 

 having received no tributary in its lower course. 

 Much of the district traversed by it is an arid 

 plain, save near the river-bank ; the river is subject 

 to tic ic n Is. (2) The Darling Range, in Western 

 Australia, runs parallel to the west coast, at a 

 distance of 10 to 25 miles inland, from the south- 

 west corner of the colony to a point some 250 miles 

 farther north. The range has a height of from 

 1500 to 2000 feet ; and in Mount William attains 

 an elevation of 3000 feet. (3) The Darling district 

 at the south-western corner of New South VV T ales, 

 scantily watered, has an area of 50,000 sq. m. (4) 

 The Darling Downs form the richest pastoral 

 district of Queensland, in the southern part of the 

 colony. This is an upland district on and about 

 the summit of the Dividing Range. It was dis- 

 covered by Allan Cunningham, the botanist, in 

 1827, and has an area of 6080 sq. in. There is also 

 much fine agricultural land in which the cereals, 

 potatoes, and all kinds of vegetables grow well. 

 The western railway traverses the north, and the 

 southern line the extreme east of this district. 



Darling* GRACE, a name famous in the annals 

 of heroism, was the daughter of William Darling 

 (1795 1860), lighthouse-keeper on Longstone, one 

 of the Fame Islands, ami was born at BatnboTOQgh, 

 24th November 1815. On the morning of the 7th 

 Septeml>er 1838, the Forfarshire, bound from Hull 

 to Dundee, with sixty-three persons on board, 

 struck the Barker's Rock, among the Fame 

 Islands, and in fifteen minutes forty-three persons 

 were drowned. The vessel was seen by Grace 

 Darling from the lighthouse at a quarter to live 

 lying uroken on the rocks. Darling and his 

 daughter agreed that if they could get to her, 

 some of the shipwrecked crew would be able to 

 assist them in getting back. By wonderful 

 strength and skill, they brought tneir boat to 

 where the sufferers ( nine in number ) crouched. The 

 solitary woman and four men were safely taken 

 to the Longstone ; two of the men returned with 

 Darling, and succeeded in bringing the remainder 



off by nine o'clock A.M. Such an undertaking, HO 

 dating in itself, and HO successfully carried out, 

 filled every one with the wanneHt admiration. 

 The lighthouse at LongMtone, Military and un- 

 known no more, wan visited by many of the wealthy 

 and the great. Present*, testimonials, and money 

 were heaped at the feet of Grace Darling ; but he 

 did not long survive her change of circumstances. 

 She died of consumption, after a year's illness, on 

 20th October 1842. See Grace Darling, by E. 

 Hope (1876), and the Journal of William Darling 

 (1886). 



Darlington, a parliamentary and municipal 

 liorough in the south of the county of Durham, on 

 a slight elevation overlooking the Skerne near its 

 junction with the Tees, 23 miles S. of Durham, and 

 45 NNW. of York. The chief industry of the 

 place is connected with the extensive locomotive 

 works, which give employment to many workers. 

 There are iron and steel works in the north end of 

 the town ; brewing and tanning are carried on ; and 

 there are wool-mills. Pop. (1821) 6551; (1851) 

 1 1,228 ; ( 1871 ) 27,730 ; ( 1881 ) 35, 102 ; ( 1891 ) 38,080, 

 of whom many belong to the Society of Friends, 

 long a prominent and influential element amongst 

 the inhabitants. Darlington was created a parlia- 

 mentary borough, sending one member to parlia- 

 ment, in 1867. Its prosperity dates from the open- 

 ing, on 27th September 1825, of the Stockton and 

 Darlington Railway, which was the first passenger- 

 line on which a lc>comotive-engine was employed ; 

 and that locomotive now stands on a pedestal out- 

 side the station. From the llth century onwards 

 the town belonged to the bishops of Durham, and 

 till 1867 a borough bailiff', appointed by the bishop, 

 managed its aflairs ; in that year it obtained a 

 charter of incorporation. St Cuthbert's collegiate 

 church, a very fine specimen of Early English, was 

 founded in 1 160 by Bishop Pudsev, and was restored 

 by Sir G. G. Scott in 1869. It nas three beautiful 

 sedilia, and a tower 180 feet high. Among the 

 chief modern erections are the other churches 

 (Anglican, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, and Non- 

 conformist), the spacious new railway station ( 1887), 

 a grammar-school, a high school for girls, a British 

 and Foreign Sch<x)l Society's college for female 

 teachers, and the banks of Backhouse & Co., and 

 Pease & Co. A free library was opened in 1885, 

 for which Mr Edward Pease hail bequeathed 

 10,000. At Oxen-le-field, 3 miles from Darlington, 

 are curious cavities of unknown origin, called Hell 

 Kettles ; and near Darlington was the seat of 

 George Allan the antiquary ( 1736-1800). 



DarlillgtOIlia,agenusof remarkable American 

 Pitcher-plants, belonging to the order Sarraceni- 

 aceo> ; and like its congeners, is insectivorous. See 

 INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS. 



Darmesteter* JAMES, orientalist, was born in 

 1845) at Chateau-Salins (in the part of Lorraine now 

 German), of a Jewish family originally as the 

 name indicates from Darmstadt. He was edu- 

 cated at Paris, in 1S7."> wrote a thesis on th- Ave>ta, 

 crowned by the Institute, and Un-ame a conspicuous 

 meml>er of the Soeiete Asiatique. He was pro- 

 fe-s.ir of Zend at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes 

 (1^77) and at the College de France (1885). In 

 1883 he published Ktmlrjs Ininiennes, followed by 

 works on the Maluli, on Persian popular poetry, and 

 on Afghan folk-songs (the fruits of a government 

 mission to India). His principal works were a 

 series of books on the Zend-Avesta, including a. 

 translation of the great part of it in The Sacred 

 Books of the East. He held toat much of the 

 A vesta has a late origin (see ZE..D). In a volume 

 on the Hebrew Prophets, he advocated a return 

 to Hebrew monotheism. He also wrote Estais ' 

 de Litterature Anglaise, edited two volumes of 



