DAVID 



697 



dispute David'* right to the tliHtrict, hut the suc- 

 cess of his claim won secured without contest by 

 the influence of the great Norman barons wlio had 

 hy this time acquired extensive possessions in the 

 south of Scotland, ami to whom David's English 

 training rendered him peculiarly acceptable. By 

 David's marriage in 1110 to Matilda, widow of 

 Simon dc Scnlis, and heiress of YValtheof, Karl 

 of Northumberland, he still further increased his 

 p.. \\ci-, iMM-oming Earl of Huntingdon and Earl of 

 Northampton. 



In 1124 he succeeded his brother on the Scottish 

 throne, l-ut had in 1130, and again in 1137, to tight 

 for his crown against the heirs of the old Celtic 

 dynasties supported by the wild tribes of the north 

 and west. On l>oth occasions the Anglo-Norman 

 chivalry which David had gathered around him 

 gave him decisive victories. Having sworn, along 

 with the other great barons of England, to maintain 

 the right of his niece, Matilda, to the English 

 crown, David took up arms on her behalf in 1135 

 when Stephen mounted the English throne, and 

 penetrated into England as far as Durham, where 

 at a meeting between him and Stephen peace was 

 restored by the grant of the earldom of Hunting- 

 don, and the promise of the earldom of North- 

 umberland, to David's son Henry. In 1138 the 

 war was, however, renewed, and the king of Scots, 

 deserted bv Bruce and others of his Anglo-Nor- 

 man vassals who owned Large estates in England 

 as well as in Scotland, was signally defeated at 

 the ' Battle of the Standard,' near Northallerton. 

 The next year, a second peace was concluded, 

 when the promised earldom of Northumberland 

 was bestowed on Prince Henry. 



The rest of David's reign which marks the end 

 of Celtic and the beginning of Feudal Scotland 

 was devoted to the accomplishment of the great 

 designs begun by his father and mother, and con- 

 tinued by Ids two predecessors the union of the 

 different races of Scotland into one nation, and 

 the civilisation of the people. How well he suc- 

 ceeded may be traced in the two centuries of 

 Srosperity that followed his reign. By the intro- 

 uction of the feudal system, and the promulgation 

 and vigorous personal superintendence of the work- 

 ing of wise laws, he endeavoured to secure the 

 peace and safety of the country ; and he looked for 

 aid in this worK to the Anglo-Normans whom he 

 had brought from the south. By the erection of 

 burghs he promoted the trade, manufacture*, and 

 commerce of the nation, and laid the foundations of 

 its freedom. In his civilising efforts he depended 

 also largely on the church, the extension and in- 

 fluence of which he greatly fostered and encouraged. 

 Immediately after he l>ecame Prince of Cumbria he 

 restored the fallen bishopric of Glasgow, and after 

 his accession he founded and endowed the bishoprics 

 of Ross, Aberdeen, Caithness, Brechin, and Dun- 

 blane ; besides enriching the previously established 

 sees of St Andrews, Morav, and Dunkeld, and re- 

 viving the old see of Galloway (Whithorn). He 

 also founded or restored the abbeys of Kelso, Jed- 

 burgh, Melrose, Newbattle, Ho.yrood, Cam bus- 

 kenneth, and Kinloss, as well as a number of 

 minor religious establishments. So far indeed did 

 this process of endowment go, that according to 

 Belleuden, ' the croun was left indegent throw 

 ampliation of gret rent is to the kirk, a state of 

 matters that led James I. (of Scotland) to remark, 

 '.vhile standing by David's tomb at Dunfermline, 

 that ' he was ano sair sanct for the crown. ' On 

 the other hand one who was a hard judge of 

 monarchs George Buchanan said with much 

 more truth, that ' if men were to set themselves 

 to draw the image of a good king, they would fall 

 short of what David showed himself throughout 

 the whole course of his life.' Though King David 



is often called St David, he was never formally 

 ranoni.Hcd ; but hi- name wan inserted in the 

 calendar prefixed to Laud's Prayer-book for Scot- 

 land, printed at Edinburgh in 1637. 



King David died at Carlisle, 24th May 1153. Hi* 

 son Henry had died in the previous June, and he 

 was succeeded by his grandson, Malcolm, then in 

 his twelfth year. 



Tim oldest Scottish painting now known to exist- an 

 illuminated charter to the monks of Kelso, written in 

 1159 preserves rude miniatures of the young king Mal- 

 colm and his saintly grandfather. It is preserved at 

 Floors Castle, and engraved in fac-similc in the Liber 8. 

 Aftirie de Calc/tou (Bannatyne Club, 1840). See also 

 I tinea's Scotland in the Mitldle Ayet (I860) ; Robertson's 

 Scotland under her early Kinyg (1802); and Skene's 

 Celtic Scotland (1876). 'Die remains of David's legisla- 

 tion, including the interesting code of the Leyet Bur~ 

 t/orum, have been carefully collected in the first volume 

 of The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland ( 18J4). 



David II*} only son of King Rol>ert Bruce, was 

 born at Dunrermline, 5th March 1324, and was 

 married in 1328 to Edward II. 's daughter, Joanna. 

 In June 1329 ho succeeded his father, and in 

 November 1331 was crowned, with his child-queen, 

 at Scone. In 1334 the success of Edward Baliol 

 (q.v. ), and Edward III.'s victory at Halidon Hill, 

 forced David's guardians to send him and his consort 

 to France, whence by the triumph of the national 

 party he was permitted to return in 1341. Five 

 years later, in fulfilment of his alliance with 

 France, he invaded England, but at the battle of 

 Neville's Cross, near Durham, was utterly routed 

 by the Archbishop of York, 17th October 1348. 

 For eleven years he remained a prisoner, in or near 

 London, and at Odiham, in Hampshire ; at length, 

 in 1357, he was released on promise of a heavy 

 ransom (100,000 merks), whose non-payment in- 

 volved him in shameful dependence on Eng- 

 land. In 1363 he actually proposed to his parlia- 

 ment that Edward III.'s second son should succeed 

 him on the Scottish throne ; and though the pro- 

 posal was curtly rejected, the intrigue between the 

 two kings was ended only by David's death at 

 Edinburgh Castle, 22d February 1371. He was 

 not forty-seven years old, yet his reign bail lasted 

 more than forty-one years a reign as inglorious as 

 it was long, but still of great moment to Scotland, 

 since, ' from a war of conquest and patriotic resist- 

 ance, the struggle had died into a petty strife 

 between two angry nations, a mere episode in the 

 larger contest which it had stirred l>etween England 

 ana France.' Queen Joanna dying in 1362, David 

 next year had married Margaret Logic, a comely 

 widow, whom he divorced in 1369. Bv neither 

 marriage had he any issue, so was succeeded by his 

 sister's son, Robert II. 



David* F6LICIEN, a French composer, was born 

 8th March 1810, at Cadenet, in the department of 

 Vaucluse. He was first a chorister in the cat he 

 dral of Aix, then at the age of twenty entered the 

 Paris Conservatoire. He threw himself earnestly 

 into the social speculations of his day ; became 

 an ardent disciple of St Simon, and afterwards of 

 Enfant in ; ami dually, on the break-up of the 

 brotherhood in 1833, he betook himself, along with 

 several of his fellow-dreamers, to the East. The 

 little knot of enthusiasts reached Constantinople, 

 whence they made their way to Smyrna and Cairo. 

 As they had no means, they suffered greatly from 

 want, sickness, and ill-usage. In 1835 he returned 

 to Paris, and published his Melodies Orientates for 

 the pianoforte. They were unsuccessful ; and 

 David remained in obscurity till 1844, when he 

 brought out at the Conservatoire his Dfsert, a 

 grand Ode-sym/>honie t as he called it, the words of 

 which were furnished by his friend and fellow- 

 wanderer, Auguste Colin" Ita success was sudden 



