IH:NM.\KK 



The following table cives tin- niiiin divi.MoriH of 

 the kingdom, along with ita dependencies : 



enmark rrnjicr, oomnrlslng^ 



tin- islund.Mit'/raland, Funrii, I 



U-ial.md. Falsu-r, &c., and j 

 tlu> |M'iiii'ula of Jutland.... ] 



Tkc Faroe Islands, 



IrrUnd 



Crci-nlainl (ri!t;ion free from ice). 



DanUh \V. 1. Islands StCruix, ) 



St Thomas, arid St John | 



Enj. iq. inllw. 



14,731 



518 



40,300 



138 



89,567 



PopuliUoa ! 

 ion. 



IIM :::.-. 



12,055 

 70,927 

 10,516 



82,786 



2,809,519 



Except in Bornholm (q.v.), the surface of Den- 

 mark is very similar in every part of the kingdom, 

 and is uniformly low, reaching its highest point in 

 Eiers-Bavnehoj, in south-east Jutland, which is 

 only 5(54 feet above sea-level. The country pre- 

 sents little variety, except in its low isolated hills, 

 but does not leave an impression of monotony ; 

 in the islands and in the south-east of Jutland 

 the landscape is broken by noble forests, green 

 meadows, and fertile fields ; and even in the west 

 and north of the mainland the wide stretches of 

 moorland are clothed with heather, and have a 

 solemn beauty of their own. The coast seldom 

 rises even to low clif-i's ; generally it is Hat, skirted 

 by sand-ridges and shallow lagoons, especially 

 along the west side, where the dunes cover an 

 area of nearly 225 sq. m. The east coast is much 

 indented by Days, useful for navigation and valu- 

 able for their fisheries ; and here and in the islands 

 are many good harbours. Both the continental 

 portion and the islands are penetrated deeply by 

 numerous fjords, the largest being Limfjord, which 

 intersects Jutland, and has insulated the northern 

 extremity of the peninsula since 1825, when it broke 

 through the narrow isthmus which hod separated it 

 from the North Sea. There are about seventy light- 

 houses along the shores of Denmark, and seven 

 lightships (see SOUND). From its formation, the 

 kingdom can have no rivers, properly so called ; 

 its streams, called Aa, are mostly large brooks. 

 There are several important canals, however, includ- 

 ing in Jutland works for the canalisation of the 

 ( 'iiidcn-Aa, its largest stream, and of the Limfjord ; 

 and lakes abound in all parts of the kingdom, the 

 most considerable being found in Zealand. The 

 centre and west of Jutland is nearly bare of wood, 

 but in the other parts of the peninsula the forests 

 cover about 215,000 acres, and in the islands over 

 291,000 acres. The beech, which flourishes more 

 luxuriantly in Denmark than in anv other land, 

 is almost universally predominant, although three 

 centuries ago tin- oak. now comparatively rare, 

 was the characteristic Danish tree. 1'eat, which is 

 got in abundance from the bogs, brown coal or 

 lignite, and seaweed generally take the place 

 of wood as fuel. In minerals Denmark is 

 poor. Porcelain clay and some coal are found 

 in I.oniholm, and fuller's earth, potter's day. 

 saltpetre, chalk, and a poor marble occur in 

 several parts of the kingdom, while some amlx-r 

 is collected on the west coast of Jutland. The 

 climate is modified by vicinity to the sea, and is 

 considerably milder, and the air more humid, than 

 in the more southern but continental Conuany. 

 Mists are frequent, as are also sea-fogs on the 

 west coast ; and rain, snow, or hail falls over the 

 country on 150 days on an average in the year. 

 The annual rainfall is 23 to 25 inches. Westerly 

 winds prevail; in the spring a cold, dry wind, 

 known as the skai, blows from the north VMM, 

 and whirls clouds of fine sand from the coast 

 inland, frequently doing irreparable damage to the 

 crops. The mean temperature ranges from 44 to 



47* F. The transitions from winter U> unitwr 

 are rapid, and scarcely broken l,\ tin- inN-rn-numi 

 of spring or of autumn. The BttftMli i-, how 

 not unhealthy, except in the |.,u King inland*. 

 Much as Laaland, where the short and ttuddi-ii 

 of the summer occasion* fever*. 



The soils of Jutland are generally light, but 

 those in the south east part and in tint inland* are 

 stronger; alxmt HO per cent, of tie I N-n 



mark is productive, and of the remainder iilxuit 

 one-sixth is in |teat-l*ngM. Nearly half the |>pu- 

 lation in engaged in agriculture ; the land for the 

 most part is parcelled out into small holding*, 

 and this is encouraged l>y the laws, which since 

 1849 have prohibited the throwing of small farm* 

 into large estates. In 1890, of 223,892 tenancies 

 not 2000 were over 144 acres in extent ; there \\.-n? 

 150,000 cottars ami lalxjurers cultivating land of 

 from three to twelve acres ; and the ' peasant 

 farms,' varying from 12 to 144 acres the majority 

 under 50 numbered close UJKHI 72,000. A third 

 of the whole kingdom is arable, while over two- 

 fifths is in meadow, pasture, or fallow land. 

 Nearly four-fifths of the arable land is under oats, 

 barley, or rye, and little over a twenty-third part 

 under wheat. Flax, hemp, potatoes, and legu- 

 minous plants are also raised ; lucerne has been 

 introduced, and the cultivation of the beet-root 

 has increased of late years. Barley is largely 

 exported, but the imports of breadstuff's greatly 

 exceed the exports. The raising of cattle is taking 

 more and more the place of arable farming in 

 Denmark, and has now become one of the chief 

 sources of wealth. Much progress has of late 

 been made in this direction owing to the effort* of 

 government and of various institutions; bull and 

 stallion shows have l>een promoted by royal grants, 

 breeding farms have bet-n similarly encouraged, 

 and the farmers have loen instructed by lectures 

 on the various forms of cattle disease and other 

 subjects. The stock of horses, cattle, ami sheep is 

 very large, and in 18{>."> !H there were exported an- 

 nually 20,000 horses, 81,000 head of cattle, and 6000 

 sheep, mostly to Creat Britain. Dairy produce liaa 

 also largely developed, owing to improved methods 

 and to the co-operative dairy system, which is now 

 worked successfully on a large scale. The value 

 of the butter exported to Great Britain rose from 

 767,190 in 1870 to 7,309,831 in 1898, the \alm- ..i 

 eggs from 67,654 in 1878 to 685,447 in 1898, and 

 in 1898 the value of bacon so exported was o\er 

 f_'. 7<>o,000. The total value of the export* to the 

 Inked Kingdom in 1SJI3 was S,3<!.*3:>. and in 

 1898 11,703,384; while the value of the ini|H>rtu 

 from the United Kingdom was in 1898 3,337,743. 

 ( >ther e\|orts to Britain are fresh \tvvf, Jork ( freah 

 and salted ), hides, fish, and iish-oil. Much brandy 

 and beer is produced. 



Aliout 2o per cent, of the inhabitant* are 

 returned as engaged in manufacturing industries, 

 which, although not yet of great im|ortance, nhow 

 a marked advance within recent years. Machinery, 

 porcelain ami delf wares, and brick* are lending 

 manufactures; Invt root sugar refineries are in- 

 creasing, and the distillerie>. though declining, are 

 still numerous; there are ironworks. ->Ner eighty 

 tobacco factories, an.l several IWJKT mills in TO^-M- 

 hagen. Silkelxirg, ami elsewhere; ami there are 

 many large sUvuu corn mills. Coin-rally, in *pite 

 of tlie scarcity of fuel in the country, steam mills 

 are taking the place of the windmills, and though 

 the peasants still continue to manufacture much of 

 what thev require within their own homes, linens 

 and woollens, as well as wooden shoes, are now 

 increasinglv made in factories. The fisheries 

 ( including the lobster and o\ster fisheries i and the 

 mercantile marine employ less than 3 percent of 

 the people. 



