778 



DETTINGEN 



DEVERON 



hospitals and a United States marine hospital, 5 

 opera houses and theatres, a new Federal Building 

 (1889-97, costing $1,500,000), a Free Public Library 

 with 150,000 vols., numerous banks and savings 

 institutions, and daily, weekly, and monthly peri- 

 odicals, several being in German. Detroit was held 

 by the French 1610-1762, and by the British 1763- 

 96, when it passed to the United States. It was 

 totally destroyed by fire in 1805. Incorporated as 

 a city in 1824, it was the capital of the state from 

 1836 to 1847, but was superseded by Lansing. Pop. 

 (1880) 116,340; (1890) 205,876; (1894, state census) 

 238,264 ; ( 1900) 285,704. DETROIT RIVER, so called, 

 is the strait extending from Lake St Clair to Lake 

 Erie, about 20 miles in length, with a depth suffi- 

 cient to float the largest vessels. 



Dettingen, a village of Bavaria, on the Main, 

 10 miles NW. of Aschaffenburg by rail (pop. 657), 

 is noted as the scene of a battle during the war of 

 the Austrian Succession, when, on 27th June 1743, 

 George II. (q.v.) of England, commanding English, 

 Hanoverians, and Austrians, defeated the larger 

 French army under the Due de Noailles. This was 

 the last time a king of England took the field in 

 person. There is another Dettingen (pop. 3500) 10 

 miles E. of Reutlingen in Wiirtemberg. 



Deucalion, son of Prometheus, and husband of 

 Pyrrha. When Zeus had resolved to destroy the 

 race of men by a flood, after the treatment he had 

 received from Lycaon, Deucalion built an ark or 

 ship, in which he and his wife floated during the 

 nine days' flood which drowned all the other in- 

 habitants of Hellas. On the subsidence of the 

 waters the ark rested on Mount Parnassus. To 

 repeople the world Deucalion and Pyrrha were told 

 by the goddess Themis to throw behind them the 

 bones of their mother. This they did with the 

 stones of mother-earth, and fi-om those thrown by 

 Deucalion sprang up men, and from those by 

 Pyrrha, women. 



Deuteronomy (Gr. deuteronomion, the 

 'second' or 'repeated law'), the Greek name of 

 the fifth book of the Pentateuch. It presents the 

 third and latest phase of the development of the 

 Mosaic legislation. Its great aim is to check the 

 encroachments of idolatry, and to concentrate the 

 national worship in the great sanctuary at Jeru- 

 salem, especially at the three annual festivals. It 

 is instinct with the prophetic spirit, and lays stress 

 on the great commandment to love and fear God 

 with the whole heart as the sum of the whole law. 

 According to Kuenen and Wellhausen it was com- 

 posed in the reign of Josiah ; other critics think it 

 cannot be later than the reign of Manasseh. See 

 BIBLE, PENTATEUCH. 



Deutsch, EMANUEL OSCAR MENAHEM, was 

 born of Jewish parents at Neisse, in Silesia, 

 October 28, 1829. His education was begun at 

 the local gymnasium at the age of six, continued 

 by his uncle, a learned rabbi, to whom he owed 

 his mastery of Hebrew and Chaldee literature, and 

 finally pursued at the university of Berlin. In 

 1855 he came to England to fill an appointment in 

 the library of the British Museum, where 'for 

 fifteen years with mighty ardour and magnificent 

 industry he studied arid wrote, enjoying life among 

 his friends, yet more among his books ; shedding 

 sunshine wherever he went, attracting and attach- 

 ing not a few.' He is best known to the outside 

 world by his brilliant article on the Talmud in the 

 Quarterly Review (1867), to which he also con- 

 tributed an article on Islam (1869). He wrote 

 excellent articles on the Targum and the Samaritan 

 Pentateuch for Dr Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, 

 and was a valued contributor to the first edition of 

 Chambers 's Encyclopedia, for which he wrote nearly 

 two hundred articles. His scholarship was seen 



to great advantage when he wrote on Phoenician 

 antiquities ; and his remarkable command of a 

 vigorous and poetic English style was shown in his 

 articles in the Times on the (Ecumenical Council. 

 He died 12th May 1873 at Alexandria, whither he 

 had gone in the hope of recovering the health which 

 overwork had undermined. The dream of his life 

 was to have written an elaborate work on the 

 Talmud, of which his short essays and lectures 

 gave brilliant promise ; but a mortal disease, added 

 to official duties, deprived the world of the results 

 of his unrivalled learning. A volume of his 

 Literary Remains, with a sketch of his life by 

 Lady Strangford, was published in 1874. 



DeutSCllbrod, a town of 5436 inhabitants, in 

 the south-east of Bohemia, 15 miles from the Mora- 

 vian frontier. Here in 1422 the Hussite general 

 Ziska defeated the Emperor Sigismuud. 



Deutz. See COLOGNE. 



Deiltzia, a genus of Saxifragaceae (sub-order 

 Philadelphacea?), natives of the north of India, 

 China, and Japan. Some are favourite green- 

 house plants in Britain, producing abundance of 

 beautiful white flowers. The commonest species 

 (D. scabra) is also becoming frequent in shrub- 

 beries. 



Deux-ponts. See ZWEIBRUCKEN. 



Deux-Sevres. See SEVRES. 



Devanag'ari (lit. 'town -script of the gods'), 

 the character most widely understood by Hindu 

 scholars, in which Sanskrit works are usually 

 printed, unless when in Roman letters. See 

 SANSKRIT, ALPHABET. 



Deyaprayaga (better Deoprayag), a village in 

 the district of Garhwal, North-west Provinces of 

 India, on a mountain side, 2266 feet above the sea, 

 in the fork of the Alaknanda and the Bhagirathi, 

 which join to form the Ganges (q.v.). Devapra- 

 yaga possesses a notable temple, and is a favourite 

 place of pilgrimage for the Hindus. 



Development is a term used in several special 

 or technical senses. In mathematics it means the 

 process by which any mathematical term is changed 

 into another of equivalent value or meaning : in 

 geometry specifically the unrolling of a cylindrical 

 or conical surface, the unbending of any curved 

 surface into a plane, is called development. The 

 word is sometimes used of the whole field of 

 Embryology (q.v.) and of Evolution (q.v.), but is 

 specially applied rather to the theories of Lamarck 

 (q.v.) than to the Darwinian Theory (q.v.); see 

 also the articles BIOLOGY, HEREDITY, MAN, 

 VARIATION, WEISMANN. The history of every 

 science, art, or invention is a history of progress 

 and development, (See ANTHROPOLOGY, ART, and 

 the relevant sections of the articles on sciences, 

 &c., throughout the work. The word has its own 

 meaning in Photography (q.v.); in music the de- 

 velopment of a musical phrase or subject is tha 

 unfolding of its capacities by modification of 

 inelody, harmony, tonality, rhythm, &c. (see 

 SONATA) ; and development of doctrine is dealt 

 with in the articles DOGMA (q.v.), CHRISTIANITY, 

 NEWMAN, and ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 



Dev'enter, an old Hanse town of Holland, in 



bhe province of Overyssel, on the Yssel, 11 miles 



NNW. of Zutphen by rail. It has an llth century 



athedral and a fine town-house, and manufac- 



ures iron, carpets, tobacco, beer, and gingerbread. 



Thomas a Kempis died here, and here Erasmus 



was educated. Pop. 23,351 (5000 Catholics). 



De Vere. See VERB. 



Deveron, a beautiful salmon river of Aberdeen 

 and Banff shires, rising 3 miles SVV. of the Buck 

 of Cabrach, at an altitude of 1847 feet, and thence 



