IK WKTTK 



De Welle, WM.IIM.M Muni\ l.i I 



liiMical critic, was lmrn at I ll.i, \\i-imar, l-'ili 

 .liiiiiniry ITS". Studying from 1799 at Jena, UII|T 

 i'.-u-li ami l'aulii>, he early adopted ill" |iliil<- 

 ophy i l-'ries. Extraordinary professor of -Exe- 

 gesis at Heidelberg in 1KO7, ami onliniiry professor 

 in 1809, lie was called to the newly-founded uni- 

 vci-ity of llcrlin in isln ; l,iit lie WJIM dismissed and 

 K-ini.slied fruiii Prussia in 1*1(1, in consequence of a 

 letter he wrote to the mother of Sand, the assassin 

 of Kot/elme. Retiring to Ulla, he completed his 

 Christlic/ie Sittenlehre ( 3 vols. 1819-21), his edition 

 of the Briefc, Sendschrdben wut JkdtMtH l.ntlnrs 

 (5 vols. 1825-28), and the religions novel Themli'r, 

 '>* Zireiftfr.t MY///.- (ls> ; KH-,'. trans. 1849). 

 In 1SJ lie \\.is ap]M>inted professor of Theology at 

 Basel, was honoured in 1H-J9 with a seat in the 

 Council of Education, and died there 16th June 

 1849. His great reputation as a biblical scholar 

 rests on his Beitrage zur Einleitnng in das Alte 

 Testament (2 vols. 1806-7), his Lehrbnch der he- 

 bmisc/i -jinfi-ti'/ien Archaologie ( 1814 ; 4th ed. 1864), 

 and especially his very useful Lehrbnch der H'm- 

 toritch-kritiunen Einleitumj in die Bibel (1817 and 

 182(5), of which the Old Testament part had in 1869 

 reached its 8th ( Eng. trans, by Tneodore Parker, 

 1843), and the. New Testament in 1860 its 6th 

 edition (Eng. trans. 1858). His translation of the 

 Scriptures, undertaken in conjunction with Augusti 

 ( 6 vols. 1809-12 ; 4th ed. 1858 ) ; Commentar iiber die 

 J'xnttin-n (1829; 5th ed. 1856); and Kurzgefasstes 

 ^'.'ifctisches Mandbuch zum Neuen Testament (3 

 vols. 1836-48), have been extensively used by stu- 

 dents, and the separate parts of the last-named 

 work, as revised repeatedly by later scholars, have 

 held their ground ever since. His works on dog- 

 matic theology, Ueber die Religion ( 1827), and Das 

 Wesen des Chnstlichen Glaubens ( 1846 ), are less im- 

 portant. See the estimates of De Wette by D. 

 Schenkel (1849), F. Liicke (1850), Hagenbach 

 ( 1850), Wiegand ( 1879), and Stahelin ( 1880). 



Dewey, GEORGE, American admiral, was born 

 at Montpelier, Vermont, December 26th, 1837. He 

 was graduated from the Naval Academy (fifth in 

 his class) in 1858, and served two years on the Medi- 

 terranean station. As a lieutenant on the sloop- 

 of- war 'Mississippi' in Farragut's squadron, he took 

 part in forcing the passage of the lower Mississippi in 

 1862. He continued in service after the war, and 

 was promoted commander in 1872, captain in 1884, 

 and commodore in 1896. Appointed to the com- 

 mand of the Asiatic squadron in 1898, on the out- 

 break of war with Spain he was ordered to proceed 

 to the Philippine Islands, and to capture or destroy 

 the Spanish fleet. This he did May 1st, 1898, de- 

 stroying the Spanish vessels without losing one of 

 his own men, for which exploit he was immediately 

 promoted to be rear-admiral, receiving a sword of 

 honour and the thanks of congress ; in 1899 he was 

 made admiral, a rank held previously only by Far- 

 ragut and Porter. He took part in the capture of 

 Manila, and served on the Philippine commission, 

 returning to the United States in 1899. 



DC Witt, JAN, a celebrated statesman of Hol- 

 land, born at Dort in 1625, was the son of Jacob 

 ile Witt, from whom he inherited a hatred of the 

 office of stadtholder, and of the family that filled 

 it. He was carefully educated, and early exhibited 

 remarkable ability. Sent by the States of Hol- 

 land in 1652 to Zealand, as one of the deputies to 

 dissuade that province from adopting an Orange 

 policy, he there secured complete confidence \\\ his 

 eloquence. Becoming the head of the oligarchic 

 republican party, comjx>*ed of the nobles and 

 wealthier burgesses, De Witt opposed violently the 

 popular Orange party (which upheld the young 

 prince, afterward William III.), striving t.> abolish 



parly, 

 in-t wi-. 



(In- nllici- nf htudlholdi-r, iiinl to trip the 



e of nil |K>\MT. During the minority of the 

 , tin* advantage wan with Du Witt and hit 

 , atid in 1654, on the conclunion of the war 

 n-t wi-.-n I inland and Holland, a itecret article was 

 inserted in the treaty drawn up between !< Wilt 

 and Cromwell, by virtue of which the Hoime if 

 < i .in^e was ti> he deprived of all Mat-- .ifi. -. 

 After the restoration of CharleM II., De Witt 

 leaned more to the bide of France, all the more 

 when hostilities were renewed between England 

 ami Holland in 1665. During the two yearn war 

 De Will's influence declined, but hi* star paled 

 altogether when the designs of Louis XIV. up"" 

 tin- Spanish Netherlands beame manifest. The 

 Orange party carried their jtuinl in the elevation 

 of William to the family dignity of h tad t holder ; 

 and on the invuMon of the Netherlands by Loui* 

 XIV. in 1672, the Prince of Orange wan appointed 

 commander of the Dutch forces. The first cam- 

 I>aign proved unfortunate, which did not improve 

 the temper of the people towards De Witt, who 

 had previously resigned his office of grand pension- 

 ary. His brother, Cornelius, accused of conspiring 

 against the life of the stadtholder, was imprisoned 

 and tortured. De Witt went to see him on lib 

 release. When they were coining out of prison, 

 they were attacked by an infuriated crowd, and 

 were both murdered, August 2<t. 1672. The States* 

 general demanded an investigation, and the punish- 

 ment of the murderers, but Uie stadlholder did not 

 take the necessary steps. De Witt was personally 

 a man of upright character. Among his writings 

 are his Memoirs (1709) and his Letters (6 vols. 

 1723-25 ). See the Lives by Simons ( 1832-36 ), Knot- 

 tenbelt (1862), J. Geddes (vol. i. Loml. 1879), and 

 Pontalis ( Eng. trans. 2 vols. 1885). 



Dewsbliry, a manufacturing town and munici- 

 pal and parliamentary borough in the West Hiding 

 of Yorkshire, on the Calder, 32 miles SW. of York ; 

 it is connected with Liverpool and Hull by the 

 Calder navigation. It has a chamber of commerce 

 (1861), an infirmary (18H3) which cost 17,000, a 

 new town-hall (1888) which cost 30,000, iu-w 

 county-courts, and St Augustine's grammar-school. 

 It manufactures extensively blankeU, carpets, and 

 yarns, ami with Batley(q.v.) is the centre of the 

 shoddy trade ; it has also foundries and minor indus- 

 tries. Dewsbury obtained a municipal chaiier in 

 1872. Pop. of municipal borough (1861) 18.14U; 

 ( 1881 ) 29,639 ; ( 1891 ) 29,847. The parliamentary 

 borough was formed in 1867, and includes llatley 

 and Soothill. Pop. of par. Iwrough ( 1881 ) 69,531 ; 

 ( 1 891 ) 72,986. It returns one member to parliament. 



Dexter, in Heraldry, that side of a shield or 

 armorial figure or composition which is to the left, 

 not tlie rignt, of the spectator, hecauw it coven* the 

 right side of the warrior who carries it. 



Dextrine (*yn. ' British gum," torrefied starch'). 

 When starch is carefully heaUil to 392" r- 1 "" ' 

 it becomes soluble in cold and hot water, and loses 

 it s -,-l.it inous character; it has also the prop 

 when viewed by polarised light, of turning the plane 

 of jtolarisation'to the right ; hence its name. Starch 

 may be converted into dextrine by the long-con- 

 tinued action of dilute acid* at a high temperature: 

 ;d-.i l>y theaotionof Diastase (M.V.). Dextrine and 

 -tarch are isomeric, both being composed of CHioOs; 

 i. ut they may be distinguished by the dingy purple 

 lint whu-h tfextrine gives with iodine, instead of 

 blue. Morepliahle and lew brittle when dry than 

 jum-arahic, dextrine U often Mil*.iiliited for it in 

 calico-printing, and for stiffening difVerenl goods ; it 

 is also applied to the back of posiAgw-Um|w. 



Dy (Turkish di, 'a maternal nncle' ). a name 

 applied to the governor of Algiers before iu 



