8 



FRIENDS 



FRIEZE 



answers to questions it has previously addressed to 

 the subordinate meetings, deliberates upon them, 

 and legislates accordingly. To it exclusively the 

 legislative power belongs. Though thus constituted 

 somewhat according to Presbyterian order, yet any 

 member of the Society may attend and take part 

 in the proceedings. 



Women have also a special sphere of discipline 

 allotted to them : they inspect and relieve the 

 wants of the poor of their own sex, take cog- 

 nisance of proposals for marriage, deal with female 

 delinquents privately, and under certain restric- 

 tions may even do so officially, though in the 

 ' testimony of disownment ' they have always the 

 assistance of members of the other sex. 



The Society of Friends, in the multitude of its 

 regulations, has not forgotten the poor ; charity in 

 its narrower, as well as in its broader sense, has 

 always been a beautiful feature of its members. 

 The care of the poor was one of the earliest evi- 

 dences which Christianity afforded to the Gentiles 

 of the superiority and divine character of its prin- 

 ciples ; and it is honourable to the society that a 

 similar provision for those united to them in reli- 

 gious fellowship appears to have been one of the 

 earliest occasions or their meetings for discipline. 

 Nevertheless, in accordance with their ruling prin- 

 ciple, that all Christian duty should be left for its 

 fulfilment to the spontaneity of Christian love, 

 and not performed under compulsion of any kind, 

 'the provision for the poor is purely voluntary;' 

 yet their liberality is proverbial throughout Britain 

 and America. Their number amounted in 1896 to 

 107,908, of whom three-fourths belonged to the 

 United States. 



See Fox's Journal; Sewel's History of the Quakers 

 (1722); Besse's Sufferings of the Quakers (1752); 

 Gurney's Observations on the Peculiarities of the Society 

 of Friends (1824); Neale's History of the Puritans; 

 Rowntree's Quakerism Past and Present (1859) ; Joseph 

 Smith's Descriptive Catalogue of Books by Friends (2 vols. 

 1867); Book of Christian Discipline of the society of 

 Friends (1883); F. Storrs Turner, The Quakers: a 

 Study, Historical and Critical (1890). 



Friends of the People, an association 

 formed in 1792 in London to obtain parliamentary 

 reform by constitutional means. Among its 

 members were Lords Lauderdale, Kinnaird, John 

 Russell, and Edward Fitzgerald, and such com- 

 moners as Grey, Mackintosh, Malcolm Laing, 

 Dudley North, Erskine, Samuel Rogers, and 

 Sheridan. 



Fries, ELIAS, a Swedish botanist, was born, 

 loth August 1794, in the district of Ferns jo in 

 Smaland, and studied at Lund, where he early 

 taught botany. In 1834 he was called to the 

 chair of Practical Economics at Upsala, with 

 which in 1851 that of Botany was conjoined. 

 Fries introduced into Sweden the morphological 

 theory in his Sy sterna Or bis Vegetabilis (1825). 

 His Sy sterna Mycologicum (3 vols. 1820-32) was 

 long the standard work on the classification 

 of fungi, of which he gave a relatively com- 

 plete catalogue in Summa Vegetabilium Scandi- 

 navice (2 vols. Stockholm, 1846-49). He wrote a 

 series of useful books on the Hyrnenomycetse, on 

 lichens, and on the flora of Scandinavia, more 

 particularly of Sweden. Among his monographs 

 the Symbolce ad Historiam Hieraciorum (Upsala, 

 1848) deserves especial mention. In 1851 Fries 

 was appointed director of the botanical museum 

 and garden at Upsala, and in 1853 rector of the 

 university. He resigned in 1857, and died there, 

 8th February 1878. 



Fries, JAKOB FRIEDRICH, the founder of a 

 philosophic school in Germany, was born at Barby, 

 in Prussian Saxony, 23d August 1773, studied at 

 Leipzig and Jena, and in 1805 was called to Heidel- 



berg as professor of Philosophy and Mathematics. 

 In 1816 he accepted a call to the chair of Specula- 

 tive Philosophy at Jena, but was deprived of his 

 professorship on account of his participation in 

 the democratic disturbances of 1819. In 1824, 

 however, he was appointed to the chair of Physics 

 arid Mathematics, which he occupied till his death, 

 10th August 1843. Amongst his more important 

 books are System der Philosophic ( 1804 ) ; Neue 

 Kritik der Vernunft (3 vols. 1807); System der 

 Logik (1811); Handbuch der psychischen Anthro- 

 pologie ( 1820-21 ) ; Die Lehren der Liebe, des 

 Glaubens, und der Hoffnung ( 1823) ; and Geschichte 

 der Philosophic (1837-40). Taking the Kantian 

 philosophy for his starting-point, Fries demon- 

 strated that intuitive psychology must be the 

 basis of all philosophising. Thus, through inner 

 experience a posteriori we learn to know the sub- 

 jective a priori conditions of knowledge ; and 

 through intuitive presentiment or faith we derive 

 our certainty of the reality of things themselves. 

 From inner assurance of the essential worth and 

 personal dignity of men fknv the definitions and 

 sanctions of ethics, and from the same source origi- 

 nate our aesthetic and religious feelings. See 

 Henke, J. F. Fries ( 1867 ). 



Friesland, or VRIESLAND (ancient Frisia), in 

 its widest sense, as the country of the Frisian race, 

 included the modern provinces of Zealand, North 

 and South Holland, part of Utrecht, Friesland 

 proper, and Groningen in Holland, together with 

 Prussian East Friesland and a part of Oldenburg, 

 the western coast of Sleswick between the Eider 

 and the Tondern, and the islands of Sylt, Fohr, 

 Nordstrand, and others. The province of Fries- 

 land proper in the Netherlands is bounded N. by 

 the German Ocean and W. and SW. by the 

 Zuider Zee. It is sometimes called West Friesland 

 to distinguish it from East Friesland. Area, 1282 

 sq. m. ; pop. (1875) 311,246; (1894) 337,765. The 

 land is flat, in some parts below the level of the 

 sea, and is cut up by canals and streams. The 

 lowlands are protected by artificial banks or dykes. 

 Lakes and marshes are numerous. The dykes, 

 sluices, and canals are under the care of a special 

 board, and are kept up at the local expense. The 

 inland and sea waters abound with fish. Rich 

 pastures cover a third part of the surface. The 

 horses, cattle, and sheep are all of excellent breeds. 

 Large quantities of peat are dug. The capital is 

 Leeuwarden, and the chief port Harlingen, whence 

 are shipped cheese and butter ( mostly to London ), 

 horses, cattle, leather, and wool. The climate is 

 moist and misty, but not raw. The inhabitants, 

 who are descended from the ancient Frisians, speak 

 a peculiar dialect. The industries are unimportant. 

 East Friesland, with an area of 1200 sq. m., and 

 a pop. amounting (1885) to 211,825, formerly a 

 principality of Westphalia, now forms the Hano- 

 verian district of Aiirich ; chief towns, Emden and 

 Aurich. It is bounded N. by the German Ocean 

 and W. by the Netherlands. Like West Friesland 

 it is low and flat. With the help of the Prussian 

 government the moors are being reclaimed and cul- 

 tivated. Fishing and agriculture constitute the 

 chief employment of the inhabitants, who are 

 Frisians. This province has frequently changed 

 owners since 1744, when the family of Cirksena, 

 in whose possession it had been for 300 years, 

 became extinct. It was first ceded to Prussia, 

 next incorporated by Napoleon with Holland and 

 France ; in 1813 it was restored to Prussia ; in 

 1815 it was ceded to Hanover, along with which 

 it again forms part of Prussia. See FRISIANS, and 

 H. M. Doughty 's Friesland Meres (1889). 



Frieze, in classical architecture, the central 

 portion of the Entablature (q.v.). Vitruvius also 



