FHITILLARY 



FKOKKKL 



11 



U-autii'ul. ( IIH- :-pecie> only is a native of Britain, 

 the Coiiiniuii Kritillan, i /'. nii/nif/rix), also called 



snake'* Head, Chequer-nower, \c. , which i.- found 

 in meado\\> and pa-tun's iii the eitst ami soutli of 

 England, llowniii- in Amil or May. They arc 

 -pe.-ially plentiful in the Magdalen water-meadows, 

 iMuitl. 'I'hi- llo\\er- are pale or dark purple, 

 te dated with dark markings, sometimes cream - 

 white. Many \arieties are in cultivation This 

 yenus includes the Crown Imperial ( /'. iiii/n'riii/ia), 

 which was brought from 1'ersia to Constantinople 

 in tin 1 Kith century, and thence introduced through 

 the imperial garden at Vienna into western Europe, 

 where it soon hecame a constant inmate of the her- 

 liaceoiis Itorder. The bulb of the coniniou species, 

 lint still more of this one, is poisonous. 



FritHlary, a name given to a number of 

 Imttertlies ( Argynnis, Melit;ea, &<.), some of which 

 are common in Britain, from the resemblance of 

 the colouring on the upper surface of their wings to 

 that of the Mowers of the common fritillary. 



Frill I i (Ger. Friaul, Lat. Forum Julii), the 

 name of a district formerly governed by inde- 

 pendent dukes, lying at the head of the Gulf of 

 Venice. With a total population of almtt 700,000, 

 and a total area of some 3470 sq. m., it is divided 

 between Austrian Friuli, embracing the districts 

 of Gorz, Gradisca, and Idria, and Italian Friuli, 

 including the province of Udine and the district of 

 Portogruaro. Friuji is rich in corn and wine, and 

 has much metallic wealth and numerous mineral 

 springs. The inhabitants, called Furlani, are 

 mostly Italians, some of them speakingi a peculiar 

 dialect containing several Celtic elements. Friuli 

 constituted one or the thirty-six duchies into which 

 t he Lombards divided the north of Italy, and shared 

 the vicissitudes of its neighbour states. 



FrobenillS, JOANNES, the learned printer, was 

 born in Franconia in 1460, founded a printing- 

 office at Basel in 1491, and published a Latin 

 Bible, editions of Cyprian, Tertullian, Hilary, Am- 

 brose, and the Greek New Testament (1496). 

 As correctors to the press he employed such men 

 as (Ecolampadius and Erasmus ; and between 1491 

 and 1527, the year of his death, he issued 300 works 

 (including all those of Erasmus), well printed and 

 wonderfully free of error. 



Frobisher, SIR MARTIN, one of the great 

 Elizabethan seamen, was l>orn in Yorkshire, either 

 at AI tofts (near Wakefield) or at Doncaster about 

 1535. Sent to sea as a boy, he traded to Guinea 

 and elsewhere, and seems at an early age to have 

 become possessed by his fife-long dream of a north- 

 west passage to Cathay. After long solicitations 

 he was enabled, chiefly by help of Warwick, to set 

 sail northwards round the Shetland Islands, 7th 

 June 1576, with the Gabriel and the Michael of 20 

 tons each and a pinnace of 10 tons, with a total 

 complement of thirty-live men. The pinnace was 

 soon lost in the storms that followed, and the 

 Michael deserted, but Frobisher held on his 

 adventurous course, was almost lost on the coast 

 of Greenland, and reached Labrador on the 28th 

 July. From Hall's Island at the mouth of 

 Frobisher Bay his men carried away some 'black 

 earth,' which was supposed in London, whither he 

 arrived on October 9th, to contain gold. Next 

 year a new expedition was fitted out with much 

 enthusiasm, the queen herself supplying from the 

 royal navy a vessel of 200 tons. The country 

 around Hall's Island was formally taken and 

 named Meta Incognita, and abundance of the 

 black earth was brought to England. Yet another 

 and well-appointed expedition was despatched in 

 1578, but was harassed by storms without and 

 dissensions within, and returned home with a great 

 cargo of the ore, from which, however, no more 



gold could lie extracted. Of FrobUher we hear 

 I nit little <luring the next few yearn, but in 1686 

 he commanded a vessel in Drake's expedition to 

 the West Indies, did good seivice in the prepara- 

 tory task of hampering the designs of Spain, and 

 in the struggle with the Armada covered himself 

 with glory by his conduct in the Triumph, and was 

 rewarded by the honour of knighthood. Frobisher 

 next married a daughter of Lord Wentworth, and 

 settled down as a country gentleman, but was soon 

 again at the more congenial task of scouring the 

 seas for the treasure-ships of Spain. At the siege 

 of Cro/on near Brest in the Novemlw;r of lf>94 he 

 received a wound of which he died at Plymouth on 

 the 22d of the same month. His Three Voyages 

 were edited by Admiral Collinson for the Hakluyt 

 Society (1867). There is a Life by Rev. F. Jones 

 (1878). 



Frobisher Bay, an inlet opening westward 

 near the mouth of Davis Strait into the territory 

 called by Frobisher Meta Incognita, at the southern 

 end of Baffin Land. It is about 200 miles long by 

 above 20 wide, with rugged mountainous shores. 

 It was till Hall's voyage called Frobisher Strait, 

 being erroneously regarded as a passage into 

 Hudson Bay. 



Froebel, FRIEDRICH WILHELM AUGUST, Ger- 

 man educational reformer, M'as born at Oberweiss- 

 bach in Thuringia, 21st April 1782. His studies 

 at Jena being interrupted by the death of his 

 father in 1802, he was compelled to shift as best he 

 could for a living, until in 1805, at Frankfort-on- 

 the-Main, he found his true vocation in teaching. 

 The next five years he spent partly at Frankfort, 

 partly at Yverdon in Switzerland, at the latter 

 place in close intimacy with Pestalozzi. Then for 

 a couple of years he resumed his studies, this time 

 chiefly in the natural sciences, at Gottingen and 

 Berlin. But again they were interrupted : the War 

 of Liberation oroke out, and Froebel joined Liit- 

 zow's corps. Two years after the conclusion of 

 peace he got his first opportunity to realise his 

 long-meditated principles of education ; he made a 

 start at Griesheim in Thuringia, but in the follow- 

 ing year (1817) transferred his school to Keilhau, 

 where he was shortly afterwards joined by his 

 devoted friends and disciples, Langethal and 

 Middendorff. At this time the characteristic idea 

 of his teaching was that the root of all educational 

 development is action, which has for its ultimate 

 aim not only mere physical exercise, but also the 

 unfolding and strengthening of the mental powers ; 

 and underlying this was the conviction tnat the 

 real purpose of education should be to encourage 

 the child to grow naturally and spontaneously, 

 unfolding all its powers according to the inner 

 organic laws of its being, just as grow plants and 

 animals and crystals. In 1826 he expounded his 

 views in a work entitled Die Menschenerziehuiiy. 

 With the view of extending his system, Froebel in 

 1831 established a branch institution in the canton 

 of Lucerne in Switzerland, which, however, could 

 never make headway against the opposition of the 

 Roman Catholic clergy. Hence, alter starting an 

 orphanage at Burgdorf in Bern, where also he 

 began to train teachers for educational work, 

 Froebel returned to the centre of Germany, and in 

 1836 opened at Blankenburg, not far from Keilhau, 

 his first Kindergarten (q.v. ) school. The rest of 

 his life was spent in the advocacy of kindergarten 

 schools and in organising them ; but along with 

 these labours he combined the training of teachers 

 to carry on the system he had devised. He died 

 on 21st June 1852 at Marienthal in Thuringia. 

 Froebel's works were collected and published by 

 Wichard Lange in 1862-63 (new ed. 1874), also by 

 Seidel in 1883. See Autobiography of F. Frobel 



