KKONI* 



FRONTO 



15 



threat spirit tin- free nomad life of the Arab and 

 lii^ M ..... I. Among his more important works are 

 '-. attacked li\- a Lioness '( 1868), 'Malt oi' the 

 Muleteer-,' ( 1880), A Smn. -nir of F.sneh' (1870), 



' 



and ' The Nil.'' .^7ii). Hi- Courier-.' < ountry 



of the onled \a\U,' ' Springtime '( 1861 ), and his 



Falconry in Algiers: i he Quarry' (1863) are 

 in i In- Louvre. Hut lit; was no less prolific witli 

 his pen than with his brush. lie published an 

 account of \i\-~ travels in /, I'ui/x, under the titles 

 of -\'i-ite- Aiti-tii|iies ' and 'Sinijiles IVlcrinagcs' 

 ' 56); and 'Une Amice dans le Sahel' (1858) 

 lei-onlrd the results of liis investigations for the 

 ( 'ommittee of Historic Monuments. He also pro- 

 duced it successful romance, Dominique (1863). 

 Kimlish translations of his Les Mattres (fAutrefois 

 ( IHTtii. an admirable criticism upon the Dutch and 

 Flemish painters, as well jis of his Life by Louis 

 ( louse ( 1881 ), have been published in America. He 

 became a 'chevalier' of the Legion of Honour in 

 1859 and an 'oificier' in 1869; and died at St 

 Maurice, near La Rochelle, 27th August 1876. 

 See Gonse, Eugene Froinentin ( Paris, 1881 ). 



Froild, in Botany, a term often used to desig- 

 nate the leaves of cryptogamous plants. It was 

 originally introduced as distinctive of organs in 

 \vhieh the functions of stem and leaf are combined. 

 The term leaf is now very generally used even 

 of mosses, ferns, &c., and the term thallus is 

 applied to liverworts and lichens. In the case of 

 many Algne the term is often used to designate the 

 whole plant except its organs of reproduction. 



Fronde, the name (indicating the sling used by 

 the boys of Paris in their mimic fights) given to 

 certain factions in France during the minority of 

 Louis XIV., which were hostile to the court and 

 the minister, Ma/arin, and gave rise to a series 

 of civil dissensions from 1648 to 1654. The grasp- 

 ing and despotic policy of Ma/arin, to whom Anne 

 of Austria, the queen-regent, had abandoned the 

 reins of government, had given offence to all 

 da-ses. The entire nation was aflame with dis- 

 content : the nobles were jealous of the employ- 

 ment of foreigners in the chief offices of state ; the 

 people kicked against the oppressive taxation ; the 

 parliaments resented the wilful disregard of their 

 authority. At length the parliament of Paris 

 refused to register the royal edicts, more especially 

 the financial measures increasing the burdens of 

 taxation. Ma/arin in retaliation ordered the arrest 

 ('2tith August 1648) of the president and one of the 

 councillors, Peter Broussel. Thereupon the people 

 took up arms. The court fled to Ruel in October, 

 but early in 1649 removed to St Germain. The 

 populace and parliament were joined by the dis- 

 contented nobles, Conti, Longueville, Beaufort, 

 Ture.nne, and De Retz. But the arrival of Conde, 

 the champion of the royal party, who proceeded to 

 lay siege to Paris, soon turned the tide. An agree- 

 ment was therefore come to between court and 

 parliament at Ruel on 1st April 1649, the people 

 being released from the obnoxious taxes, whil-t 

 Ma/arin and the foreigners were allowed to retain 

 their offices. This ends the movement called the 

 < >ld Fronde, a contest carried on in the interests of 

 the people. The New Fronde was at bottom a 

 struggle between Conde and Ma/arin. The nobles, 

 especially Conde, were far from t>eing satisfied with 

 the compact of Ruel, and opened negotiations with 

 Spain for assistance from the Netherlands. But 

 on the 18th January 1650 the queen-regent 

 suddenly arrested Conde, Longueville, and Conti. 

 This arbitrary proceeding roused the provinces. 

 The Duchess of Conde stirred up the south of 

 France. The Duchess of Longueville (Comic's 

 sister) won over Turenne, who threatened Paris, 

 but was defeated at Rethel. Nevertheless the 



wax MO great that Maxarin was obliged to 

 release the prince-,, arid lice from the country. 

 Now, however, a kaleidoscopic movement changed 

 the relations of the principal actors in the affair. 

 Conde withdrew to (iuienne; De Retz won hrilwd 

 by the gift of a cardinal's hat ; Turenne \\ent oxer 

 to the court; and Maxarin was recalled and rein 

 stated in power. Meanwhile, Louis XIV'., who, 

 having now attained his fourteenth year, WOM 

 declared to lc of age, endeavoured to induce 

 Conde to return; but the latter, iiiixtrin-ting 

 these overtures, commenced a regular war against 

 the court, until he was defeated by Turenne near 

 Paris on 2d .Inly 1<>.~>'_. Conde found refuge within 

 the. capital; but the <iii/.-n-. grown weary of the 

 whole business, opened negotiations with the king, 

 only demanding the removal of Mazarin to return 

 to their allegiance. This demand was complied 

 with and a general amnesty proclaimed (I6.~>3). 

 Conde, who refused to enter into the compact, 

 repaired to Champagne; but, finding no one dis- 

 posed to take up arms in his cause, he entered 

 the Spanish service. Shortly afterwards Ma/arin 

 was once more recalled to Pans, and agAin 

 entrusted with the reins of government. The 

 parliament of Paris was completely humbled, so 

 much so that its political existence was virtually 

 suspended for a century and a half. Tims the 

 royal power came forth victorious from the contest. 



See Ste-Aulaire's Histoire de la Fronde (2d ed. 1860), 

 Bazin's France sous Louis XIII. (2d ed. 1840), Fitz- 

 patrick's Great Conde arid the Fronde ( 1878), the work by 

 Capefigue ( LS35), and two by Che>uel (1880 and 1882). 



Frontenac, Louis DE BUADE, COMTE DE, 

 governor of New France, was born in 1620, entered 

 the army in 1635, and at an early age became 

 brigadier. In 1672 he was appointed governor of 

 the French possessions in North America, to be 

 recalled ten years later, in consequence of endless 

 quarrels with his intendant and the Jesuits ; but 

 in spite of his violent temper he had gained the 

 confidence of the settlers and the respect of the 

 Indians, and in 1689, when to the horror of constant 

 attacks from the Iroquois the misery of a war with 

 England was added, he was again sent out by the 

 king, as the only man who could rouse the despairing 

 colonists to hope and action. During the next nine 

 years he loosed his savage allies on the defenceless 

 villages of New England, repulsed a British attack 

 on Quebec, and so broke the power of the Iroquois 

 that they were never again a terror to the colony. 

 He died at Quebec in 1698. See Francis Park- 

 man's Count Frontenac and Neio France under 

 Louis XIV. (Boston, 1877). 



Frontilllis. SEXTUS JULIUS, a Roman author 

 and administrator who flourished in the second half 

 of the 1st century. In 75 A.D. he was appointed 

 governor of Britain, where he conquered the Silures, 

 and vigorously maintained the imperial authority. 

 He was twice consul in the course of his life, and 

 in 97 was made superintendent of the water-works 

 at Rome. He died about 104. Several works are 

 attributed to Frontinus, only two of which are cer- 

 tainly genuine, the Stratfgonatica*, a treatise on 

 the Art of War, in four books, and the DC Aquii 

 Urbis Roma, in two. His works have been edited 

 by Dederich (Leip. 1855). 



FrontO, MARCUS CORNELIUS, Latin rhetori- 

 cian, was born at Cirta, in Numidia, about 100 A.D. 

 In consemience of his reputation as an orator and 

 pleader, lie was entrusted by Antoninus Pius with 

 the education of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. 

 In 143 he was consul. He died about 170. The 

 two series of Fronto's letters to Marcus Aurelius, 

 discovered by Mai in 1815, do not l>ear out the 

 reputation for eloquence and intellectual force 

 ascribed to the rhetorician by his contemporaries. 



